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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Jun 24.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Neurol. 2008 Apr;63(4):454–465. doi: 10.1002/ana.21342

Fig 1. Differential expression of cell-specific markers and phospho-S6 (pS6) in human cortical tubers.

Fig 1

(a) Double-label immunofluorescence for neuronal marker nonphosphorylated neurofilament SMI 311 (green) and immature glial marker vimentin (red) identify three different abnormal cell types. Dysplastic neurons express SMI 311 but not vimentin (A–C), undifferentiated giant cells express both SMI 311 and vimentin (D–F), and dysplastic astroglia express vimentin, but not SMI 311 (D–F, arrowhead). Scale bar =40 µm. (b) Double-label immunofluorescence for vimentin (red) and mature astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; green) shows that dysplastic astroglial cells express vimentin, but low or no GFAP (A–C), whereas reactive astrocytes demonstrate strong expression of both glial markers (D–F). Scale bar = 40 µm. (c) Confocal imaging shows undifferentiated giant cells expressing both SMI 311 (A) and vimentin (B), together with pS6, as well as multiple nuclei (B, small arrows). Scale bars = 20 µm. (d) Neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN)–positive dysplastic neurons (A–C, arrowheads) are intensely pS6-immunopositive, whereas normal-sized disoriented neurons (A–C) demonstrate low or no pS6 expression. Vimentin-positive dysplastic astroglia (D–F) demonstrate increased pS6 levels, in contrast with GFAP-positive reactive astrocytes (G–I), which demonstrate no pS6 labeling. Scale bar = 40 µm.