Table 5.
Psychosocial outcomes at 3, 6 and 12 months*
| 3 months |
6 months |
12 months |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | Dimensions | Difference between means (95% CI) | P | Difference between means (95% CI) | P | Difference between means (95% CI) | P |
| Short Form 36 | Physical health (PCS) | 1.4 (–1.6, 4.3) | 0.35 | 2.2 (–0.7, 5.0) | 0.14 | 1.9 (–0.8, 4.6) | 0.17 |
| Mental health (MCS) | 1.1 (–2.6, 4.8) | 0.57 | 0.78 (–2.6, 4.2) | 0.65 | 0.33 (–3.3, 4) | 0.86 | |
| Diabetes Empowerment Scale | Managing psychological aspects | 3.7 (1.2, 6.1) | 0.004 | 3.9 (1.3, 6.4) | 0.003 | 4.6 (2.1, 7.2) | 0.0005 |
| Setting and achieving goals | 3.1 (0.6, 5.6) | 0.02 | 3.8 (0.9, 6.7) | 0.01 | 3.7 (0.6, 6.9) | 0.02 | |
| Dissatisfaction and readiness to change | 2.1 (–1.0, 5.1) | 0.19 | 0.20 (–2.7, 3.1) | 0.89 | 2.87 (–0.3, 6.1) | 0.08 | |
| Hypoglycaemia Fear Scale | Behaviour | –0.29 (–3.4, 2.8) | 0.85 | −.01 (–2.9, 2.9) | 0.99 | –1.2 (–4.2, 1.9) | 0.45 |
| Worry | –3.0 (–7.0, 1.1) | 0.15 | –2.4 (–7.2, 2.4) | 0.33 | –1.4 (–6.2, 3.4) | 0.57 | |
| Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction | Treatment satisfaction | 9.4 (5.2, 13.6) | 0.0005 | 10.4 (6.0, 14.8) | 0.0005 | 7.1 (2.1, 12.1) | 0.006 |
| Hyperglycaemia | –4.1 (–12.0, 3.8) | 0.31 | –3.2 (–10.8, 4.4) | 0.40 | 2.0 (–5.3, 9.4) | 0.59 | |
| Hypoglycaemia | 0.9 (–7.0, 8.9) | 0.82 | –0.2 (–7.7, 7.3) | 0.95 | 3.5 (–3.7, 10.8) | 0.34 | |
| Illness (Diabetes) Perception Questionnaire | Timeline | 0.5 (–2.97, 3.98) | 0.77 | 2.6 (–0.72, 5.9) | 0.12 | –3.2 (–7.2, 0.8) | 0.11 |
| Consequences | 1.5 (–1.75, 4.81) | 0.36 | –3.6 (–8.0, 0.8) | 0.11 | –4.1 (–8.7, 0.5) | 0.08 | |
| Cure/control | 1.9 (–1.02, 4.80) | 0.20 | 3.0 (–0.12, 6.1) | 0.06 | 3.7 (–0.3, 7.8) | 0.07 | |
| Causes | –0.58 (–3.6, 2.48) | 0.71 | 2.6 (–1.3, 6.6) | 0.18 | 0.64 (–2.7, 4) | 0.70 | |
| Diabetes Health Profile | Psychological distress | –2.0 (–4.8, 0.70) | 0.14 | –1.7 (–4.6, 1.1) | 0.24 | –2.3 (–5.0, 0.4) | 0.93 |
| Barriers to activity | –4.5 (–7.4, –1.5) | 0.003 | –4.6 (–8.4, –0.9) | 0.02 | –3.5 (–6.4, –0.7) | 0.02 | |
| Disinhibited eating | –2.0 (–7.0, 3.10) | 0.45 | –3.1 (–7.3, 1.2) | 0.16 | –3.6 (–8.3, 1) | 0.12 | |
| Diabetes Knowledge Test | Knowledge | 2.2 (–0.07, 4.5) | 0.06 | 1.8 (–0.7, 4.2) | 0.15 | 0.55 (–3.2, 4.3) | 0.77 |
Intervention group n = 54, and control n = 60.
*
Statistical analysis was performed using ancova, adjusting for imbalances at baseline between groups.
PCS, Physical Components of Health; MCS, Mental Components of Health.