Table 1.

Demographic and Clinical Information for the Paternal Externalizing Risk Groups

	Paternal externalizing risk group (%)
Demographic and clinical information	Low (n = 87)	Intermediate (n = 70)	Severe (n = 44)	χ2	df	p
	Fathers
Education				17.19	8	.028
Less than high school degree	2.3	1.4	0
High school degree/GED	50.0a,b	75.4a	75.0b
Associate’s degree	11.6a	2.9a	2.3
BA/BS	29.1	18.8	20.5
Professional degree	7.0	1.4	2.3
Occupation				25.12	12	.014
Major professional	18.4a	7.1a	6.8
Lesser professional	23.0	12.9	11.4
Minor professional	18.4	22.9	20.5
Clerical, sales, technician, etc.	9.2	10.0	11.4
Skilled manual	25.3	34.3	20.5
Semiskilled	4.6b	10.0	18.2b
Unskilled	1.1b	2.9	11.4b
Ethnicity				1.34	2	.518
African American	1.1	0	0
European American	98.9	100	100
Diagnoses (lifetime)
Conduct disorder	NA	37.1c	61.4c	NA
Adult antisocial behavior	NA	NA	100	NA
Alcohol dependence	NA	100c	77.3c	NA
Illicit drug dependence	NA	NA	15.9	NA
Nicotine dependence	22.1a,b	68.1a	70.5b	43.75	2	<.001
	Offspring
	N = 161	N = 126	N = 82
Diagnoses
Lifetime attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder	2.3a,b	11.7a	20.5b	23.48	2	<.001
Lifetime oppositional defiant disorder	10.9a,b	21.2a	27.3b	11.94	2	.003
Lifetime conduct disorder	37.7a,b	50.9a,c	73.8b,c	27.45	2	<.001
Lifetime adult antisocial behavior	14.1a,b	29.0a,c	47.2b,c	28.16	2	<.001
Early-onset alcohol dependence	35.2b	39.0	50.6b	5.42	2	.066
Early-onset illicit drug dependence	11.9b	11.7c	25.3b,c	8.61	2	.014
Early-onset nicotine dependence	25.5b	32.3c	50.6b,c	15.58	2	<.001
Any disorder	60.2a,b	76.4a,c	91.5b,c	27.97	2	<.001
	M (SD)	M (SD)	M (SD)	F	df	p
IQ	104.01 (13.45)	101.66 (13.94)	104.01 (14.60)	1.31	2, 399	.272

Note. Paternal externalizing groups were low risk (no evidence of significant paternal substance misuse or antisociality), intermediate risk (paternal alcohol dependence, but no paternal drug dependence or adult antisociality), and severe risk (significant paternal adult antisociality). Diagnoses are at the probable (all but one symptom present) or definite (all Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [3rd ed., revised; American Psychiatric Association, 1987] criteria met) level of certainty. Early-onset substance disorders are thus those that occurred before the age 20 assessment. IQ is prorated from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised Wechsler, 1981) Vocabulary, Information, Block Design, and Picture Arrangement subtests administered at Time 1. NA = not applicable because of group definitions.

^aLow-risk group ≠ intermediate-risk group.

^bLow-risk group ≠ severe-risk group.

^cIntermediate-risk group ≠ severe-risk group. All ps for group contrasts < .05.