Table 2.

A classification of flower–pollinator dynamics based on the interaction of pollinator and flower-part movements, determining over how broad an area pollen is deposited and the expected precision of pollen deposition and stigma contact

Floral class	Floral characteristics	Pollinator movement during pollination	Area of pollen deposition	Expected precision (consistency of pollen placement, stigma contact)	Example(s)
1	Open, fixed platform	Crawls across flower	Broad area	Low	Passiflora spp.
2	Fixed position, broadly tubular or gullet	Crawls down tube	Broad area	Low	Penstemon, Mimulus, Linum, Rubiaceae
3	Fixed platform or narrow tube	Hovers, landing into fixed position without subsequent movement (‘helicoptering’)	Small area	High	Dalechampia
4	Motile flower parts	Nearly immobile at time of contact with sexual parts	Small area	High	Salvia, Collinsia, papilionoid legumes
5	‘Explosively’ motile flower parts	Completely immobile at time of contact with sexual parts	Small area	Very high	Hyptis, Stylidium, Catasetum
6	Secondary pollen presentation, immobile flower parts	Mobile or immobile	Often small area?	Often medium to high?	Polygala, Asteraceae, Campanulaceae
7	Secondary pollen presentation, motile flower parts, often ‘explosive’	Nearly or completely immobile at time of contact with sexual parts	Small area	Very high	Calathea