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Harmonic wave patterns on a hemispherical shell
| l | l(l + 1) | Analogous atomic orbital | Spherical surface harmonic, Ylm | Plant tip pattern |
| 1 | 2 | pz | Y10 or z | Dome-shaped tip |
| 2 | 6 | dxz,yz | Y2±1 or xz,yz * | Monocot embryo |
| 3 | 12 | fz3 | Y30 or z3 | Annulus (cup-shaped) |
| “ | “ | fxyz,z(x2−y2) | Y3±2 or xyz,z(x2−y2) | Dichotomous branches |
* ‘±’ indicates a sum of the modes.
