Table 4.
Combination of residential use of and paternal occupational exposure to pesticides during the 2-year period before the child’s birth and occurrence of childhood brain cancer (no. of discordant pairs).a
| Astrocytoma
|
PNET
|
All other types
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pesticides | +/− | −/+ | ORb (95% CI) | +/− | −/+ | ORb (95% CI) | +/− | −/+ | ORb (95% CI) |
| Residential usec and/or potential substantial exposure through father’s job | |||||||||
| Insecticides | 50 | 34 | 1.5 (0.9–2.3) | 25 | 22 | 1.2 (0.6–2.1) | 29 | 22 | 1.3 (0.8–2.3) |
| Herbicides | 52 | 26 | 1.9 (1.2–3.1) | 25 | 21 | 1.2 (0.6–2.1) | 26 | 28 | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) |
| Fungicides | 18 | 10 | 1.8 (0.8–4.0) | 13 | 10 | 1.4 (0.6–3.2) | 5 | 8 | 2.0 (0.8–4.7) |
| Father’s application in residence and/or potential substantial exposure through father’s job | |||||||||
| Insecticides | 31 | 27 | 1.1 (0.7–1.9) | 22 | 19 | 1.2 (0.6–2.2) | 25 | 10 | 2.9 (1.4–6.2) |
| Herbicides | 41 | 22 | 1.8 (1.1–3.1) | 22 | 18 | 1.1 (0.6–2.2) | 18 | 20 | 1.0 (0.5–2.0) |
| Fungicides | 12 | 6 | 2.1 (0.8–5.5) | 9 | 6 | 1.6 (0.6–4.4) | 14 | 7 | 2.1 (0.8–5.3) |
a
The total numbers of discordant case–control pairs where “case used (+)/control not used (−)” and “case not used (−)/control used (+).”
b
ORs and 95% CIs were calculated by conditional logistic regression for each class of pesticide use (ever vs. never), adjusted for mother’s education level (≤ high school vs. > high school).
c
Pesticide applications by anyone, including mother, father, professionals, and others.