. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Jun 29.

Published in final edited form as: Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 2008 Jan 1;105(1):98–121. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.05.002

Table 1.

The Difference between Students’ Perceived and Actual Performance Across Studies, as a Function of How Well They Actually Performed (Bottom Quartile, Top Quartile, Or in the Middle 50%), Presented Separately For Estimates of Their Percentile and Raw Scores.

Performance Percentile Estimates
Group	Bottom 25%			Middle 50%			Top 25%

Study	Perceived	Actual	Difference	Perceived	Actual	Difference	Perceived	Actual	Difference
Study 1	61.2%	14.9%	46.3%^***	69.4%	49.8%	19.6%^***	73.3%	87.0%	−13.7%^***
Study 3	64.0%	11.4%	52.6%^**	1.6%	45.4%	6.2%	61.5%	86.9%	−25.4%^*
Study 4	58.8%	14.0%	44.8%^***	67.3%	56.1%	11.2%^**	68.6%	92.1%	−23.5^**
Study 5	64.4%	17.1%	47.3%^***	73.3%	56.0%	17.3%^***	71.4%	89.4%	−18.0%^*

Overall	62.1%	14.4%	47.8%	65.4%	51.8%	13.6%	68.7%	88.9%	−20.2%
*Raw Score Estimates (as a Percentage of Total Possible)*
Group	Bottom 25%			Middle 50%			Top 25%

Study	Perceived	Actual	Difference	Perceived	Actual	Difference	Perceived	Actual	Difference

Study 1	76.0%	55.3%	20.7%^***	76.0%	55.3%	20.1%^***	82.3%	87.0%	−4.7%^*
Study 3	37.5%	7%	30.5%^**	78.2%	56.4%	30.5%	73.3%	83.7%	−10.4%^*
Study 4	60.0%	41.3%	18.7%^***	64.7%	60.6%	18.7%	71.7%	74.4%	−2.7%
Study 5	66.4%	50.0%	16.4%^*	71.6%	74.4%	16.4%	75.0%	91.3%	−16.3^**

Overall	60.0%	38.4%	21.6%	72.6%	61.7%	21.4%	75.6%	84.1%	−8.5%

Note: Participants did not provide comparable percentile and raw score estimates in Study 2.

p < .05,

^**

p < .005,

^***

p < .0001