Fig. 4.

Phylogenies of populations and genes. (A) Global phylogeny of marine and freshwater populations of threespine stickleback based on SNP markers at a sample of 25 nuclear genes. High-armor, marine populations are in red, low-armor freshwater populations are in blue. (B) Global phylogeny of Eda gene sequences from marine high-armor and freshwater low-armor stickleback populations. The Eda sequence in Gasterosteus wheatlandi was used as the outgroup. (C) Phylogeny of Kitlg sequences from 4 freshwater and 1 marine population in the Pacific basin. Branch lengths are not scaled to a comparable age between plots. [A and B are reproduced with permission from ref. 42 (Copyright 2005, The American Association for The Advancement of Science). C is reproduced with permission from ref. 54 (Copyright 2007, Elsevier).]