Figure 3. Redistribution of adhesion proteins (vinculin and actin) and de novo formation of membrane protrusions during dcEF (5 V/cm, 5 h) exposure.

Fluorescent images of calvaria and SaOS-2 cells stained with phalloidin. TRITC, vinculin and DAPI mark actin filaments, focal contacts and nuclei, respectively before (A,B) and after (C,D) dcEF exposure in the presence, (A',B') or (C',D') absence of Ca²⁺ ions. DIC micrographs of elongated calvaria and SaOS-2 cells with newly formed membrane protrusions (white arrows) on their leading edges in presence of Ca²⁺ ions (E,F) or cells with randomly distributed protrusions absence of Ca²⁺ (E',F').