The rats were orally pre-treated (7 days before) with atorvastatin (LP; 10 mg/kg) prior to KA (10 mg/kg, i.p.). At 3 days after KA injection, we examined infiltration of macrophages (ED-1 positive cells) in CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampus using immunofluorescent labeling (a and e: vehicle treated group; b and f: LP treated group; c and g: KA treated group; d and h: LP plus KA treated group) and expression of inflammatory genes, such as TNF-α (B), IL-1β̣(C), and iNOS (D) in hippocampus using real time PCR. The expression of each gene was normalized with GAPDH expression. The graphs indicate the S.E.M. (*** P < 0.001 vs. the vehicle injected group; +++ P < 0.001 vs. the KA injected group; n = 4 independent experiments).