IA (Suspected) |
Temperature instability, apnea, bradycardia, lethargy |
Poor feeding, emesis, ↑ pre-gavage residuals, mild abdominal distension |
Normal or intestinal dilation, mild ileus |
IB (Suspected) |
Same as above |
Above and blood from rectum |
Same as above |
IIA (Proven) |
Same as above |
Above + absent bowel sounds + mild abdominal tenderness |
Intestinal dilation, ileus, pneumatosis intestinalis |
IIB (Proven) |
Above + metabolic acidosis + thrombocytopenia |
Above + definite abdominal tenderness |
Above + portal vein gas + possible ascites |
IIIA (Advanced) |
Above + hypotension, respiratory acidosis, neutropenia |
Above + peritonitis, marked distension of abdomen |
Above + definite ascites |
IIIB (Advanced) |
Same as above |
Same as above |
Above + pneumoperitoneum |