Table 2.
Results of hematology, blood chemistry, and urinalysis before (week 0) and after (week 12) the intake of fermented drinking water containing vinegar and dried bonito with (FDWG) or without (FDW) GABA.
| FDWG subgroup |
FDW subgroup |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | After | Before | After | |
| Hematology | ||||
| Red blood cells (×104/µl) | 474.4 ± 7.9 | 464.2 ± 9.8 | 464.7 ± 10.3 | 457.0 ± 11.6* |
| White blood cells (/µl) | 5244.4 ± 336.8 | 5222.2 ± 369.6 | 5666.7 ± 258.2 | 5672.0 ± 260.6 |
| Platelets (×104/µl) | 22.9 ± 1.2 | 22.0 ± 1.1 | 25.0 ± 1.4 | 25.1 ± 1.3 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 14.1 ± 0.3 | 13.9 ± 0.3 | 14.4 ± 0.3 | 14.2 ± 0.3 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 42.8 ± 0.7 | 42.1 ± 0.8 | 42.8 ± 0.7 | 42.0 ± 0.9** |
| Blood chemistry variables | ||||
| Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/l) | 22.9 ± 1.3 | 20.6 ± 0.9* | 20.7 ± 0.9 | 21.9 ± 1.0 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/l) | 21.6 ± 2.7 | 18.4 ± 1.6 | 21.8 ± 1.9 | 23.1 ± 2.1 |
| γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (IU/l) | 37.1 ± 7.0 | 28.1 ± 4.4* | 42.6 ± 7.1 | 40.7 ± 6.5 |
| Alkali phosphatase (IU/l) | 212.3 ± 10.9 | 205.5 ± 12.1 | 197.6 ± 11.4 | 199.4 ± 11.5 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dl) | 14.2 ± 0.7 | 13.8 ± 0.8 | 13.6 ± 0.9 | 13.3 ± 1.0 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.7 ± 0.03 | 0.7 ± 0.03 | 0.7 ± 0.03 | 0.7 ± 0.03 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 192.2 ± 7.0 | 183.9 ± 5.8 | 210.1 ± 8.3 | 199.8 ± 6.5 |
| High density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) | 58.3 ± 4.0 | 56.3 ± 4.0 | 63.1 ± 4.0 | 59.7 ± 3.9 |
| Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl) | 116.3 ± 6.3 | 110.9 ± 4.9 | 128.2 ± 6.4 | 121.2 ± 4.6 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 99.8 ± 16.7 | 92.1 ± 11.6 | 144.2 ± 32.4 | 131.3 ± 19.7 |
| Total protein (g/dl) | 7.1 ± 0.1 | 7.0 ± 0.1* | 7.1 ± 0.1 | 6.9 ± 0.1** |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 4.4 ± 0.1 | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 4.4 ± 0.02 | 4.3 ± 0.1* |
| Albumin-globulin ratio | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.04 | 1.6 ± 0.04 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (IU/l) | 186.9 ± 5.2 | 176.1 ± 5.0* | 193.9 ± 7.2 | 189.1 ± 8.9 |
| Blood glucose (mg/dl) | 91.4 ± 2.1 | 88.4 ± 1.9* | 98.6 ± 3.1 | 92.7 ± 3.2** |
| HbA1c (%) | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 5.0 ± 0.1 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 5.6 ± 0.4 |
| Na+ (mEq/l) | 141.8 ± 0.4 | 142.7 ± 0.4 | 142.3 ± 0.3 | 142.7 ± 0.5 |
| K+ (mEq/l) | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 4.3 ± 0.1 | 4.3 ± 0.1 |
| Cl− (mEq/l) | 104.0 ± 0.4 | 105.1 ± 0.5** | 103.9 ± 0.5 | 105.2 ± 0.5* |
| Ca2+ (mEq/l) | 9.3 ± 0.1 | 9.3 ± 0.1 | 9.3 ± 0.1 | 9.3 ± 0.1 |
| Mg2+ (mEq/l) | 2.3 ± 0.04 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.04 | 2.3 ± 0.04 |
| Urinalysis | ||||
| Urine pH | 6.3 ± 0.1 | 6.1 ± 0.1* | 6.3 ± 0.1 | 6.3 ± 0.2 |
| Glucosuria | Not detected | Not detected | Not detected | Not detected |
| Proteinuria | Not detected | Not detected | Not detected | Not detected |
Where appropriate, data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean for the 18 subjects who received FDWG or the 18 subjects who received FDW. The FDWG subgroup did not differ significantly (p<0.05; unpaired t test) with respect to any characteristic compared with the FDW subgroup. *p<0.05 (paired t test) compared to the 0-week value. **p<0.01 (paired t test) compared to the 0-week value.