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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neuroimmunomodulation. 2008 Nov 26;15(4-6):323–330. doi: 10.1159/000156474

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The aged brain is characterized by increased numbers of activated and primed microglia which sensitize the brain to produce increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines following peripheral immune activation. A) Microglial cells in the aged brain may be primed as characterized by increased expression of cell-surface markers and shorter processes. In response to stimulation, they produce an exaggerated amount of cytokines compared to stimulation of resting microglia (modified from [Dilger & Johnson, submitted]). B) Cytokine mRNA production in the hippocampal neuronal layer 4 h after LPS treatment in young and old mice (modified from [16]). C) IL-1β positive cells in the CA1, CA2, CA3 and dentate gyrus regions of the hippocampus 4 h LPS treatment in adult and aged mice (modified from [16]).