TABLE 2.

Bivariate and Multivariate Analyses of Effects of Alcohol and Drug Use on Antiretroviral Utilization, Adherence, and Viral Suppression (ORs and 95% CIs)

	ART Utilization*		Antiretroviral Adherence		Viral Suppression
Characteristic	Bivariate	Multivariate†	Bivariate	Multivariate‡	Bivariate	Multivariate‡
Age (y)
≤35	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)
36–49	1.39 (1.16–1.65)	1.38 (1.15–1.66)	1.29 (1.05–1.60)	1.30 (1.05–1.61)	1.44 (1.19–1.76)	1.50 (1.22–1.83)
≥50	1.95 (1.38–2.77)	1.89 (1.32–2.71)	1.61 (1.09–1.38)	1.55 (1.05–2.29)	2.33 (1.65–3.28)	2.14 (1.49–3.08)
Sex
Female	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)
Male	1.40 (1.17–1.67)	1.33 (1.11–1.59)	1.30 (1.06–1.61)	1.25 (1.01–1.56)	1.18 (0.97–1.43)	1.09 (0.88–1.33)
Race/ethnicity
Caucasian/other	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)
African American	0.47 (0.37–0.60)	0.53 (0.41–0.69)	0.56 (0.41–0.75)	0.54 (0.40–0.73)	0.62 (0.48–0.79)	0.66 (0.51–0.85)
Active drug use
No	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)
Yes	0.58 (0.48–0.68)	0.58 (0.49–0.69)	0.49 (0.40–0.61)	0.55 (0.44–0.68)	0.61 (0.50–0.72)	0.62 (0.52–0.75)
Alcohol use
None	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)
Moderate	1.11 (0.96–1.28)	1.18 (1.01–1.37)	0.76 (0.63–0.92)	0.78 (0.64–0.95)	0.99 (0.85–1.14)	1.02 (0.86–1.20)
Hazardous	0.58 (0.46–0.72)	0.65 (0.51–082)	0.43 (0.32–0.57)	0.46 (0.34–0.63)	0.71 (0.56–0.91)	0.76 (0.57–0.99)
Years on ART	—	—	1.03 (1.00–1.06)	1.02 (0.99–1.05)	1.04 (1.01–1.08)	1.04 (1.01–1.08)

^*Sample includes individuals either on antiretroviral therapy or with a CD4 cell count ≤350.

^†Analysis adjusted for age, sex, race, CD4 nadir, and time (days) enrolled in clinic.

^‡Analysis adjusted for age, sex, race, CD4 nadir, and years on ART.