Table 3.
Variables Associated with Poor Global Sleep Quality (PSQI > 5) in 2791a Postpartum Mothers, Results from Forward Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis
| Totalb | PSQI ≤ 5 | PSQI > 5 | OR | Adj. ORc | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 2791 | n = 1181 | n = 1610 | (95% CI) | (95%CI) | ||||
| n % |
n % |
n % |
||||||
| Depressive symptoms | ||||||||
| EPDS < 10 | 2325 | 83.4 | 1128 | 95.6 | 1197 | 74.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| EPDS ≥ 10 | 462 | 16.6 | 52 | 4.4 | 410 | 25.5 | 7.4 (5.5–10.0)** | 6.4 (4.6–8.9)** |
| Previous sleep problems | ||||||||
| No | 1936 | 73.8 | 978 | 86.2 | 958 | 64.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes, 1-4 | 687 | 26.2 | 157 | 13.8 | 530 | 35.6 | 3.4 (2.8–4.2)** | 3.1 (2.5–3.8)** |
| Parity | ||||||||
| Multipara | 1570 | 56.3 | 729 | 61.7 | 841 | 52.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Primipara | 1221 | 43.7 | 452 | 38.3 | 769 | 47.8 | 1.5 (1.3–1.7)** | 1.7 (1.4–2.0)** |
| Feeding method | ||||||||
| Breastfeeding only | 2165 | 77.7 | 966 | 81.9 | 1199 | 74.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Breastfeeding and supplement | 376 | 13.5 | 118 | 10.0 | 258 | 16.0 | 1.8 (1.4–2.2)** | 1.5 (1.2–2.0)* |
| Not breastfeeding | 247 | 8.9 | 95 | 8.1 | 152 | 9.4 | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) |
| Sex of newborn | ||||||||
| Female | 1343 | 48.1 | 615 | 52.1 | 728 | 45.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Male | 1448 | 51.9 | 566 | 47.9 | 882 | 54.8 | 1.3 (1.1–1.5)** | 1.3 (1.1–1.5)* |
| Place sleeping at night | ||||||||
| Infant in mother's bed | 445 | 16.0 | 166 | 14.1 | 279 | 17.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| separate bed | 2217 | 79.7 | 958 | 81.5 | 1259 | 78.4 | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) |
| separate room | 120 | 4.3 | 52 | 4.4 | 68 | 4.2 | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 0.7 (0.6–0.9)* |
P < 0.001
P < 0.01 PSQI – Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. EPDS – Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.
39 women could not be classified as high or low scorers on the PSQI, due to missing data.
181 women had missing values for one or more of the variables included in the final model. “Earlier sleep problems” was missing for 168 women, for the other variables, between 0-9 observations were missing.
Adjusted for all the variables in the table, maternal age, infant age (P < 0.01) and duration of pregnancy (P < 0.001). The following variables (which were all individually associated with PSQI > 5, P < 0.05) were entered in the forward logistic regression, but not included in the final model because of non-significance: marital status (married/cohabiting or not), level of education, employment status (full-time income or not), earlier depression, depression during pregnancy, stress factors previous year, delivery method (caesarean section or not) and twins.