Table 4.
Variables Associated with Depression (EPDS ≥ 10) Among 2825a Postpartum Women, Results from Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis
| Total | EPDS < 10 | EPDS ≥ 10 | OR | Adj. OR c | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 2825 |
n (2359 b) |
n (466 b) |
(95% CI) | (95%CI) | ||||
| PSQI global score | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| PSQI ≤ 5 | 1180 | 42.3 | 1128 | 48.5 | 52 | 11.3 | 1.0 | |
| PSQI > 5 | 1607 | 57.7 | 1197 | 51.5 | 410 | 88.7 | 7.4 (5.5–10.0)** | |
| PSQI subscores (0-3): | ||||||||
| 1: Subjective sleep quality | 1.6 (1.3–2.0) ** | |||||||
| 2: Sleep onset latencyd | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) ** | |||||||
| 5: Sleep disturbances | 2.3 (1.8–3.1) ** | |||||||
| 7: Daytime functiond | 3.1 (2.5–3.8) ** | |||||||
| Relationship to partner | ||||||||
| Very content | 1935 | 68.8 | 1721 | 73.2 | 214 | 46.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Content | 636 | 22.6 | 491 | 20.9 | 145 | 31.4 | 2.4 (1.9–3.0) ** | 1.8 (1.3–2.4) ** |
| Some/very discontent | 173 | 6.2 | 86 | 3.7 | 87 | 18.8 | 8.1 (5.8–11.3) ** | 4.0 (2.6–6.1) ** |
| Do not have a partner | 68 | 2.4 | 52 | 2.2 | 16 | 3.5 | 2.5 (1.4–4.4) ** | 1.2 (0.6–2.7) |
| Depression during pregnancy | ||||||||
| No | 2599 | 93.0 | 2235 | 95.7 | 364 | 79.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 196 | 7.0 | 101 | 4.3 | 95 | 20.7 | 5.8 (4.3–7.9) ** | 2.4 (1.6–3.6) ** |
| Previous depression | ||||||||
| No | 2048 | 73.3 | 1800 | 77.0 | 248 | 54.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 747 | 26.7 | 536 | 23.0 | 211 | 46.0 | 2.9 (2.3–3.5) ** | 1.7 (1.3–2.3) ** |
| Stress factors last year, rating | ||||||||
| 0 | 1324 | 49.2 | 1207 | 53.8 | 117 | 26.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 1-5 | 1091 | 40.5 | 877 | 39.1 | 214 | 47.8 | 2.5 (2.0–3.2) ** | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) * |
| > 5 | 276 | 10.3 | 159 | 7.1 | 117 | 26.1 | 7.6 (5.6–10.3) ** | 2.2 (1.4–3.3) ** |
P < 0.001
P < 0.01. PSQI – Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. EPDS – Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.
5 women had missing EPDS scores.
237 women had missing data for one or more of the variables, and were not included in the final model. “Stress factors” were missing for 134 women; for the other variables, between 0-43 observations were missing.
Adjusted for all the variables in the table and maternal age.
Not significant when adjusting for overlapping constructs in the PSQI and the EPDS, see text. The following variables (which were all individually associated with depressive symptoms, P < 0.05) were entered in the forward logistic regression, but not included in the final model because of non-significance: level of education, employment status, depression in close family, earlier sleep problems, marital status, feeding method, and gender of baby.