. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2009 Jul 2.

Published in final edited form as: J Appl Dev Psychol. 2007 Sep 1;28(5-6):411–426. doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2007.06.010

Table 1.

Equivalence of Groups on Control Variables

	Descriptive statistic
	Full sample	Higher quality	Lower quality	No care	F or χ² (df = 2)	p
Child male	51.4%	47.9%	53.7%	53.5%	3.62	.16
Child African-American	14.3%	7.2%	17.4%	20.9%	33.8	<.001
Child Anglo-American	79.8%	89.2%	74.8%	72.5%	1.83	.77
Child Hispanic-American	5.9%	3.6%	7.8%	6.6%	7.70	.02
Child birth weight (g)	3474.56 (508.03)^a	3494.50 (501.11)	3482.68 (518.96)	3431.48 (501.93)	1.50	.22
Maternal education	14.12 (2.54)	14.87 (2.58)	13.90 (2.29)	13.25 (2.48)	42.49	<.001
Always partnered	68.3%	80.9%	68.3%	48.5%	89.63	<.001
Always single	3.6%	6.9%	12.8%	19.9%	28.78	<.001
Partnered to single	15.8%	10.6%	14.0%	26.6%	37.11	<.001
Traditional parenting values	61.12 (15.16)	57.63 (14.20)	62.01 (14.86)	65.38 (15.83)	26.10	<.001

Note. Reported p values were estimated for the joint null hypotheses that means were equal across all three groups. For significant differences across groups, effect sizes ranged from small to medium. For the continuous control variables, significant effects ranged in size from d = .22 to d = .64. For categorical control variables, significant effects ranged in size from r_φ = .07 to r_φ = .34.

M (SD).