Table 1.

Mixed-level multiple linear regression model predicting response time

Level 1 variables	Estimate	95% CI
Response variables
Nonanswer response	131.78***	59.34, 204.23
Confirmation	−206.87***	−268.61, −145.12
Visible response component	−86.93***	−136.76, −37.10
Question variables
Information request only	129.38***	79.30, 179.46
Questioner gaze	−69.28**	−123.48, −15.08
Context variables
Level 2: Variance at language level	19555.05*	7342.23, 57304.20
Level 3: Variance at interaction level	14091.24***	7715.57, 25735.37

The mulitvariate model shows that nonanswer responses are slower than answer responses and responses to information questions are slower than responses to other sorts of questions. Confirmations, responses with a visible component, and responses to questions that are delivered with speaker gaze are shown to be faster than disconfirmations, vocal responses and other sorts of questions, respectively. Language (i.e., the language being spoken) and conversation (i.e., the conversation from which a data point was taken) were treated as levels and thus the results are language independent.

*, P ≤ 0.05;

**, P ≤ 0.01;

***, P ≤ 0.001.