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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2010 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Genet Epidemiol. 2009 Jul;33(5):453–462. doi: 10.1002/gepi.20398

Proportional bias versus power for the uncorrected (naïve) (solid lines) and corrected (dashed lines) estimators of the allele frequency difference δ for (A) optimal and (B) non-optimal two-stage designs. Significance level α = 10^-6. Designs optimal for multiplicative disease model with disease prevalence .10, stage 2 to stage 1 genotype cost ratio 30. For non-optimal designs, π_marker = 1%, and samples of N=1000 cases and N=1000 controls. Results are presented only for δ > 0.

Proportional bias versus power for the uncorrected (naïve) (solid lines) and corrected (dashed lines) estimators of the allele frequency difference δ for (A) optimal and (B) non-optimal two-stage designs. Significance level α = 10^-6. Designs optimal for multiplicative disease model with disease prevalence .10, stage 2 to stage 1 genotype cost ratio 30. For non-optimal designs, π_marker = 1%, and samples of N=1000 cases and N=1000 controls. Results are presented only for δ > 0.