Table 4.
Postoperative complications, reoperation rates, and outcomes
| Study | Early complications (incidence*) | Late complications (incidence*) | Number of reoperations | Final outcome (incidence*) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schofer et al. [61] | Nerve injuries (6/55, 10.9%) | Persistent nonunions (1/55, 1.8%) | 2/55, 0% | Union (49/55, 89.1%) |
| Bladder injuries (2/55, 3.6%) | Implant failure (6/55, 10.9%) | Satisfied patients (54/55, 98.2%) | ||
| Oransky and Tortora [47] | 0% | 0% | 0/2, 0% | Union (2/2, 100%) |
| Satisfied patients (2/2, 100%) | ||||
| Oakley et al. [46] | Deep infections (1/1, 100%) | Persistent nonunions (1/1, 100%) | 1/1, 100% | Union (0/1, 0%) |
| Satisfied patients (1/1, 100%) | ||||
| Matta and Yerasimides [40] | 0% | 0% | 0/1, 0% | Union (1/1, 100%) |
| Satisfied patients (1/1, 100%) | ||||
| Giannoudis et al. [25] | 0% | Persistent nonunions (1/9, 11.1%) | 0/9, 0% | Union (8/9, 88.9%) |
| Persistent pain (3/9, 33.3%) | Preinjury level (5/9, 55.5%) | |||
| Satisfied patients (8/9, 88.9%) | ||||
| Delloye et al. [12] | 0% | Persistent nonunions (2/3, 66.7%) | 2/3, 66.7% | Satisfied patients (1/3, 33.3%) |
| Rousseau et al. [59] | Nerve injuries (3/8, 37.5%) | Persistent nonunions (1/8, 12.5%) | 0/8, 0% | Preinjury level (5/8, 62.5%) |
| Deep infections (1/8, 12.5%) | Persistent pain (2/8, 25%) | Satisfied patients (5/8, 62.5%) | ||
| Bladder injury (1/8, 12.5%) | Implant failure (1/8, 12.5%) | |||
| Beaule et al. [6] | 0% | 0% | NA | Union (2/2, 100%) |
| Satisfied patients (2/2, 100%) | ||||
| Mears and Velyvis [42] | Nerve injuries (8/204, 3.9%) | Persistent nonunions (9/204, 4.4%) | 9/204, 4.4% | Union (195/204, 100%) |
| Deep infections (3/204, 1.5%) | Persistent pain (2/204, 1%) | Preinjury level (1/1, 100%) | ||
| PE (7/204, 3.4%) | Satisfied patients (165/204, 100%) | |||
| DVT (14/204, 6.9%) | ||||
| Huegli et al. [32] | 0% | 0% | 0/1, 0% | Union (1/1, 100%) |
| Preinjury level (1/1, 100%) | ||||
| Satisfied patients (1/1, 100%) | ||||
| Mears and Velyvis [43] | Vascular injury (1/44, 2.3%) | Persistent nonunions (8/44, 18.2%) | 7/44, 15.9% | Union (36/44, 81.8%) |
| DVT (5/44, 11.4%) | Persistent pain (13/44, 29.5%) | Preinjury level (24/44, 54.5%) | ||
| Implant failure (1/44, 2.3%) | Satisfied patients (34/44, 77.3%) | |||
| Frigon and Dickson [19] | 0% | 0% | 0/1, 0% | Union (1/1, 100%) |
| Preinjury level (1/1, 100%) | ||||
| Satisfied patients (1/1, 100%) | ||||
| Altman et al. [4] | 0% | 0% | 0/2, 0% | Union (2/2, 100%) |
| Preinjury level (2/2, 100%) | ||||
| Satisfied patients (2/2, 100%) | ||||
| Vanderschot et al. [68] | NA | 0% | 0/2, 0% | Union (2/2, 100%) |
| Preinjury level (2/2, 100%) | ||||
| Satisfied patients (2/2, 100%) | ||||
| Ebraheim et al. [16] | 0% | Persistent nonunions (1/4, 25%) | 1/4, 25% | Union (3/4, 75%) |
| Preinjury level (4/4, 100%) | ||||
| Satisfied patients (4/4, 100%) | ||||
| Matta et al. [39] | Nerve injuries (3/37, 8.1%) | Persistent nonunions (2/37, 5.4%) | 3/37, 8.1% | Union (31/37, 83.8%) |
| Vascular injuries (1/37, 2.7%) | Persistent pain (5/37, 13.5%) | Satisfied patients (32/37, 86.5%) | ||
| Implant failure (4/37, 10.8%) | ||||
| Pavlov et al. [50] | NA | NA | 0/2, 0% | Preinjury level (2/2, 100%) |
| Satisfied patients (2/2, 100%) | ||||
| Hallel and Malkin [31] | NA | NA | 0/1, 0% | Satisfied patients (1/1, 100%) |
| Pennal and Massiah [51] | NA | Persistent nonunions (15/42, 35.7%) | NA | Union (25/42, 59.5%) |
| Preinjury level (16/42, 38.1%) | ||||
| Satisfied patients (22/42, 52.4%) | ||||
| Elton [18] | NA | 0% | 0/1, 0% | Union (1/1, 100%) |
| Preinjury level (1/1, 100%) | ||||
| Satisfied patients (1/1, 100%) |
* Incidence = rate of each parameter at the specific sample of each study; PE = pulmonary embolus; DVT = deep vein thrombosis; NA = not available.