Table 3.

Biochemical properties of characterized carboxylic ester hydrolases

Microorganism	Enzyme	Locus tag	Preferred substrate	KM (μM)	kcat (s−1)	kcat/KM (s−1 × μM)	Topt (°C)	Optimal pH	Stability	Molecular mass (kDa)	PDB	Referencesa
Bacteria
Thermotoga maritima	Esterase	TM0033	pNP-C2	105	115	1.095	95+	8.5	Half-life of 1.5 h at 100°C	267 (α6)	3DOH	Sun et al. (2007), Levisson et al. (2009)
			pNP-C8	27	37	1.370					3DOI
Thermotoga maritima	Esterase	TM0053	pNP-C10	3.1	11	3.5	60	7	Retained 50% activity after 30 min at 80°C	40		Kakugawa et al. (2007)
Thermotoga maritima	Esterase	TM0053	pNP-C8	NR	NR	NR	90	9	NR	38.5		Levisson et al. (unpublished results)
Thermotoga maritima	Acetyl esterase	TM0077	pNP-C2	185	57.5	0.311	100+	7.5	Half-life of 2 h at 90°C	222 (α6)	1VLQ	Levisson et al. (manuscript in preparation)
Thermotoga maritima	Esterase	TM0336	pNP-C5	66	10.2	0.155	95+	7	Half-life of 1 h at 100°C	44.5 (α1)		Levisson et al. (2007)
Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis	Esterase	TTE0555	pNP-C3/C4	NR	NR	NR	70	9	Half-life of 1.5 h at 70°C	43		Zhang et al. (2003)
Thermosyntropha lipolytica	Lipase (LipA)	NR	pNP-C12	NR	NR	NR	96	9.4	Retained 50% activity after 6 h at 100°C	50		Salameh and Wiegel (2007b)
Thermosyntropha lipolytica	Lipase (LipB)	NR	pNP-C12	NR	NR	NR	96	9.6	Retained 50% activity after 2 h at 100°C	57		Salameh and Wiegel (2007b)
Thermus thermophilus HB8	Putative esterase	TT1662	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	26	1UFO	Murayama et al. (2005)
Thermus thermophilus species	Esterases	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	80	NR	NR	34/62		Dominguez et al. (2004, 2005, 2007), Fucinos et al. (2005a, b, 2008)
Archaea
Aeropyrum pernix	Esterase/ Acylpeptide hydrolase	APE1547	pNP-C8	43.3	6.6	0.152	90	8	Half-life of 160 h + at 90°C	63 (α1)	1VE6, 1VE7	Gao et al. (2003, 2006); Bartlam et al. (2004); Wang et al. (2006); Zhang et al. (2006, 2007, 2008; Yang et al. (2009)
Aeropyrum pernix	Phospholipase/ Esterase	APE2325	pNP-C3	103	39	NR	90	NR	Half-life of 1 h at 100°C	18		Wang et al. (2004)
Archaeoglobus fulgidus	Esterase	AF1041	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR			Ro et al. (2004)
Archaeoglobus fulgidus	Esterase	AF1716	pNP-C6	11	1014	92	80	7.1	Half-life of 1 h at 85°C	35.5	1JJI	D’Auria et al. (2000); Manco et al. (2000a, b, 2002); De Simone et al. (2001); Del Vecchio et al. (2002, 2003, 2009); Ro et al. (2004)
Archaeoglobus fulgidus	Esterase	AF1763	pNP-C18	876	47.5	0.054	70	10–11	Retained 40% activity after 30 min at 40°C	53		Rusnak et al. (2005)
Archaeoglobus fulgidus	Lipase	AF1763	pNP-C10	NR	NR	NR	95	11	Half-life of 10 h at 80°C	51		Levisson et al. (manuscript in preparation)
Archaeoglobus fulgidus	Esterase	NR	pNP-C4	NR	NR	NR	70	7–8	Retained 10% activity after 3 h at 90°C	27.5		Kim et al. (2008)
Picrophilus torridus	Esterase (EstA)	PTO0988	pNP-C2	NR	NR	NR	70	6.5	Half-life of 21 h at 90°C	66 (α3)		Hess et al. (2008)
Picrophilus torridus	Esterase (EstB)	PTO1141	pNP-C2	NR	NR	NR	55	7	Half-life of 10 h at 90°C	81(α3)		Hess et al. (2008)
Pyrobaculum calidifontis	Esterase	NR	pNP-C6	44.4	2620	59	90	7	Half-life of 56 min at 110°C	98 (α3)		Hotta et al. (2002)
Pyrococcus abyssi	Esterase	NR	pNP-C5	NR	NR	NR	65–74	NR	Half-life of 22 h at 99°C half-life of 13 min at 120°C	NR		Cornec (1998)
Pyrococcus furiosus	Esterase	NR	4MU-C2	NR	NR	NR	100	7.5	Half-life of 34 h at 100°C Half-life of 2 h at 120°C	NR		Ikeda and Clark (1998)
Pyrococcus furiosus	Lysophospholipase/ Esterase	PF0480	NR	NR	NR	NR	70	7	NR	64 (α2)		Chandrayan et al. (2008)
Pyrococcus furiosus	Esterase	PF2001	4MU-C7	NR	NR	NR	60	7	Retained 100% activity after 2 h at 75°C	48		Almeida et al. (2006, 2008)
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius	Esterase	NR	pNP-C5	151.7	NR	NR	NR	7.5–8.5	Retained 50% activity after 1 h at 100°C	128 (α4)		Sobek and Gorisch (1988); (1989)
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius	Esterase	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Half-life of 45 min at 80°C	NR		Arpigny et al. (1998)
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius	Phosphotriesterase	SACI2140	Methyl-paraoxon	1400	7.75	5.57 × 10−3	75	9	Retained 65% activity after 2 h at 85°C	69 (α2)		Porzio et al. (2007)
Sulfolobus shibatae	Esterase	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	90	6	Half-life of 20 min at 120°C	NR		Huddleston et al. (1995)
Sulfolobus shibatae	Esterase	NR	pNP-C4	10	NR	NR	NR	7–8	Retained 70% activity after 30 min at 90°C	90 (α3) 64 (α2)		Ejima et al. (2004)
Sulfolobus solfataricus MT4	Esterase	NR	pNP-C5	NR	NR	NR	90+	6.5–7	Half-life of 7 h at 90°C	114 (α4)		Morana et al. (2002)
Sulfolobus solfataricus MT4	Phosphotriesterase	NR	Methyl-paraoxon	205	1.3	6.34 × 10−3	95+	7–9	Half-life of 1.5 h at 100°C	35	2VC5 VC7	Merone et al. (2005); Elias et al. (2007); Porzio et al. (2007); Elias et al. (2008)
Sulfolobus solfataricus P1	Esterase	NR	4MU-C2* pNP-C6	45*	1000*	2.2*	95+	7.7	NR	33 (α1)		Sehgal et al. (2001, 2002); Sehgal and Kelly (2002, 2003)
Sulfolobus solfataricus P1	Esterase	NR	pNP-C8	71	14700	207.1	85	8	Retained 41% activity after 120 h at 80°C	34 (α1)		Park et al. (2006)
Sulfolobus solfataricus P1	Aryl esterase	NR	Paraoxon	5	597	119.4	94	7	Retained 52% activity after 50 h at 90°C	35 (α1)		Park et al. (2008)
Sulfolobus solfataricus P2	Esterase	SSO2493	pNP-C5	2100	46.3	21.1 × 10−3	80	7.4	Half-life of 40 min at 80°C	96 (α3)		Kim and Lee (2004)
Sulfolobus solfataricus P2	Esterase	SSO2517 (SsoN∆)	pNP-C6	50	2.5	0.05	70	7.1	NR	NR		Mandrich et al. (2005, 2007)
Sulfolobus solfataricus P2	Esterase	SSO2517 (SsoN∆long)	pNP-C6	30	34.5	1.15	85	6.5	NR	34		Mandrich et al. (2007)
Sulfolobus solfataricus P2	Esterase	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	75	8	Half-life of 15 min at 100°C	100		Chung et al. (2000)
Sulfolobus tokodaii strain 7	Esterase	ST0071	pNP-C4	0.53	127	0.239	70	8	Half-life of 40 min at 85°C	34		Suzuki et al. (2004)
Metagenomic
Metagenomic library	Esterase	NR	pNP-C6	700	1600	2.29	95+	6	Half-life of 20 min at 90°C	34	2C7B	Rhee et al. (2005, 2006); Byun et al. (2006, 2007)
Metagenomic library	Phospholipase	NR	pNP-C4	140	574	4.101	70	9	Retained 50% activity after 2 h at 80°C	32		Tirawongsaroj et al. (2008)
Metagenomic library	Esterase	NR	pNP-C5	120	110	0.921	70	9	Retained 50% activity after 30 min at 80°C	29		Tirawongsaroj et al. (2008)

pNPp-nitrophenyl ester, 4MU 4-methylumbelliferyl ester

^aReferences contain all current literature concerning the enzymes in this table