Fig. 5.

The five pollination syndromes in African Marantaceae: (A–C) ‘small’ flowers and small bees; (D, E) ‘large’ flowers and medium-sized bees; (F) ‘medium-sized’ flowers and medium-sized bees; (G, H) ‘locked’ flowers and large bees; (J–L) ‘vertical’ flowers and sunbirds. (A) Marantochloa congensis; (B) Thrinchostoma sp. on Sarcophrynium prionogonium; (C) pollen deposition in the proboscidial fossae of Thrinchostoma sp.; (D) Amegilla vivida on Hypselodelphys poggeana; (E) Thrinchostoma bicometes on Halopegia azurea – note the long three-part proboscis; (F) Amegilla vivida hovering in front of Megaphrynium macrostachyum – note the absence of conspicuous outer staminodes as landing platforms; (G) Haumania danckelmanniana – note the yellow nectar guides around the closed flower entrance; (H) Xylocopa nigrita on Haumania danckelmanniana; (I) pollen deposition on the mouth parts of Xylocopa varipes; (J) sunbird visiting Thaumatococcus sp.1 nov.; (K) sunbird visiting Afrocalathea rhizantha; (L) sunbird visiting the hanging flowers of Megaphrynium trichogynum. Scale bar = 1 cm.