Table 2.
The type of feeding route, energy requirement and actual macronutrient intakes of patients
| Underfeeding (n = 15) | Appropriate feeding (n = 20) | Overfeeding (n = 19) | |
| Feeding route | |||
| Enteral nutrition (number of subjects) | 2 | 7 | 7 |
| Parenteral nutrition (number of subjects) | 5 | 6 | 5 |
| Combined nutrition (number of subjects) | 8 | 7 | 7 |
| Energy expenditure | |||
| Respiratory quotient | 0.91 ± 0.19b | 0.97 ± 0.12a,b | 1.16 ± 0.32a |
| Measured energy expenditure* (kcal/day) | 1878.9 ± 359.5a | 1572.0 ± 256.0b | 1272.4 ± 194.9c |
| Total energy requirement† (kcal/day) | 2254.7 ± 431.3a | 1886.4 ± 307.2b | 1526.9 ± 233.8c |
| Total energy requirement† (kcal/kg/day) | 35.7 ± 7.3 | 30.6 ± 6.9 | 30.6 ± 7.0 |
| Nutrient intake | |||
| Energy (kcal) | 1541.1 ± 305.9b | 1869.6 ± 303.4a | 2084.9 ± 448.9a |
| Energy (kcal/kg per day) | 24.9 ± 6.0b | 30.3 ± 7.4b | 41.5 ± 11.5a |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 246.4 ± 61.8 | 273.9 ± 77.3 | 304.3 ± 84.4 |
| Carbohydrate (g/kg per day) | 4.0 ± 1.1b | 4.4 ± 1.3b | 6.0 ± 1.7a |
| % of total energy | 63.7 ± 10.4 | 58.5 ± 11.1 | 58.0 ± 6.2 |
| Protein (g) | 59.8 ± 16.8 | 68.1 ± 22.7 | 66.4 ± 16.3 |
| Protein (g/kg per day) | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.5 |
| % of total energy | 16.3 ± 6.6 | 14.7 ± 5.2 | 12.9 ± 2.4 |
| Fat (g) | 42.2 ± 20.7b | 57.0 ± 19.1a,b | 66.7 ± 11.8a |
| Fat (g/kg per day) | 0.7 ± 0.4b | 0.9 ± 0.3b | 1.4 ± 0.5a |
| % of total energy | 24.2 ± 10.9 | 27.7 ± 9.0 | 29.5 ± 5.7 |
Values presented as mean ± standard deviation. Values in a row with different superscript letters are significantly different, P ≤ 0.05. *Resting energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry. †Total energy requirement = measured energy expenditure + physical activity (5%) + day-to-day variation (15%).