Table 2.

Results of a general lineal model (GLM) of the differences in the start, end and length of flowering phenology (dependent variables) between invasive and native species pairs, for region (California, Spain and the Cape region of South Africa), growth form, habitat invaded and pollination type as categorical predictors (see Table 1)

	Start of flowering			End of flowering			Length of flowering
Variable	d.f.	F	P	d.f.	F	P	d.f.	F	P
Region (R)	2	5·233	<0·01	2	2·974	0·053	2	8·949	<0·001
Growth form (GF)	2	1·998	0·138	2	0·144	0·866	2	1·422	0·244
Pollination type (PT)	1	0·002	0·963	1	0·411	0·522	1	2·129	0·146
Habitat type (HT)	3	0·93	0·427	3	0·359	0·783	3	0·166	0·919
R × GF	4	1·147	0·335	4	2·822	<0·05	4	0·701	0·592
R × PT	2	3·506	<0·05	2	2·99	0·052	2	0·187	0·83
GF × PT	2	0·647	0·525	2	0·299	0·742	2	0·85	0·429
R × HT	6	1·722	0·117	6	1·449	0·198	6	1·305	0·256
GF × HT	6	1·157	0·331	6	0·596	0·733	6	0·332	0·92
PT × HT	3	1·355	0·258	3	0·41	0·746	3	0·833	0·477

Three and higher order interactions are not showed for clarity and because they were not significant. To perform this analysis, flowering times for the Cape region were transformed to the Northern Hemisphere calendar (i.e. January–July). Significant values of P are indicated in bold.