Table 3.
Mean values of flowering phenology parameters between invasive and native plant species according to climatic origin and pollination type in the three Mediterranean climate regions
| Parameter | All species | Tropical | Temperate | Mediterranean | Animal-pollinated | Wind-pollinated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| California | (n = 78) | (n = 3) | (n = 45) | (n = 30) | (n = 60) | (n = 18) |
| Start of flowering | ||||||
| Invasive | 29 April | 17 May | 19 May | 25 March | 11 April | 19 May |
| Native | 5 May | 17 February | 19 May | 26 April | 10 May | 3 May |
| F-value | 0·63 ns | 0·64 ns | 1·22E-04 ns | 4·83* | 2·44 ns | 0·88 ns |
| End of flowering | ||||||
| Invasive | 21 July | 16 October | 13 August | 6 June | 24 July | 23 July |
| Native | 22 July | 11 August | 6 August | 13 July | 8 August | 6 July |
| F-value | 9·10E-4 ns | 1·31 ns | 0·13 ns | 4·62* | 0·73 ns | 1·04 ns |
| Flowering duration (months) | ||||||
| Invasive | 4·1 | 6·7 | 3·9 | 3·9 | 4·2 | 3·6 |
| Native | 3·9 | 6·0 | 3·6 | 3·6 | 3·9 | 3·2 |
| t-value | 0·67 ns | 0·36 ns | 1·20 ns | 0·67 ns | 0·98 ns | 1·27 ns |
| Spain | (n = 90) | (n = 43) | (n = 36) | (n = 11) | (n = 67) | (n = 23) |
| Start of flowering | ||||||
| Invasive | 4 June | 14 June | 2 June | 20 May | 30 May | 30 May |
| Native | 18 April | 9 April | 16 April | 2 May | 19 April | 9 April |
| F-value | 21·85*** | 27·82*** | 11·48*** | 0·42 ns | 11·09*** | 11·63*** |
| End of flowering | ||||||
| Invasive | 28 September | 2 October | 8 October | 5 September | 27 September | 28 September |
| Native | 4 September | 3 September | 2 September | 7 September | 18 August | 24 September |
| F-value | 3·72* | 3·88* | 4·42* | 0·01 ns | 4·02* | 0·04 ns |
| Flowering duration (months) | ||||||
| Invasive | 4·8 | 4·7 | 4·8 | 5·5 | 4·8 | 4·6 |
| Native | 5·3 | 5·9 | 5·2 | 4·9 | 4·9 | 5·7 |
| t-value | –1·47 ns | –2·53** | –0·93 ns | 0·54 ns | –0·44 ns | –2·27* |
| Cape region | (n = 73) | (n = 28) | (n = 33) | (n = 12) | (n = 53) | (n = 20) |
| Start of flowering | ||||||
| Invasive | 15 September | 29 October | 27 August | 8 September | 11 September | 26 September |
| Native | 5 November | 3 November | 14 November | 22 September | 12 November | 22 October |
| F-value | 22·20*** | 0·05 ns | 37·52*** | 1·56 ns | 21·21*** | 2·53 ns |
| End of flowering | ||||||
| Invasive | 25 January | 4 April | 10 December | 9 February | 25 January | 22 January |
| Native | 13 January | 26 January | 5 February | 8 March | 15 January | 5 January |
| F-value | 0·51 ns | 3·97* | 1·26 ns | 0·61 ns | 0·33 ns | 0·25 ns |
| Flowering duration (months) | ||||||
| Invasive | 5·2 | 6·1 | 4·5 | 5·2 | 5·1 | 5·4 |
| Native | 4·3 | 4·4 | 4·0 | 5·1 | 4·1 | 4·8 |
| t-value | 2·59** | 2·96** | 1·16 ns | 0·86 ns | 2·51* | 0·86 ns |
Circular mean values were transformed to days of the year for easier interpretation.
Watson–Williams F-values and t-test values are given: *P < 0·05; **P < 0·01; ***P < 0·001; ns, P > 0·05.