Table 1.
Representative cytokines produced by different subsets of T cells, their receptors and signalling
| Cytokine |
Major cell producers |
Receptors* | Signalling* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| T cells | Other cell types | |||
| IFN-γ | Th1 | CD8+ T cells (Su et al., 1998), natural killer cells (Perussia, 1991), B cells (Pang et al., 1992), macrophages (Markus et al., 1998), keratinocytes (Gröne, 2002), astrocytoma cells (Nitta et al., 1994) | IFN-γRI; IFN-γRII | Jak1, Jak2/STAT1 |
| IL-2 | Th1 | Thymocytes (Kroemer and Wick, 1989) | IL-2Rα; IL-2Rβ; γc | Jak1, Jak3/STAT3, STAT5 |
| IL-15 | Th1 | Macrophages, monocytes, bone marrow stromal cells (Gosselin et al., 1999), epithelial cells, fibroblasts, muscle cells (Yanagita et al., 2002), keratinocytes (Gröne, 2002) | IL-15Rα; IL-2Rβ; γc | Jak1, Jak3/STAT3, STAT5 |
| TNF-β (LT-α) | Th1 | B cells, natural killer cells (Gray et al., 1984), keratinocytes, mast cells (Middel et al., 2000) | TNFR1, TNFR2 | NF-κB |
| IL-4 | Th2 | Basophils (Brunner et al., 1993), eosinophils (Moqbel et al., 1995), mast cells (Petray et al., 1993), natural killer cells (Hameg et al., 1999) | IL-4Rα; IL-13Rα; γc | Jak1, Jak3/STAT6 |
| IL-5 | Th2 | Natural killer cells (Warren et al., 1995), eosinophils, mast cells (Cousins et al., 1994); Lorentz et al., 1999), basophils (Ying et al., 1995), endothelial cells (Möhle et al., 1997), epithelial cells (Salvi et al., 1999) | IL-5Rα; βc | Jak2/STAT1, STAT3, STAT5 |
| IL-6 | Th2 | B cells (Yin, 1990), macrophages (Lee Kim Lee et al., 2007), mast cells (Song et al., 1999), fibroblasts (Defilippi et al., 1987), keratinocytes (Gröne, 2002), endothelial cells (Shalaby et al., 1989), osteoblasts (Miwa et al., 1999) | IL-6R; gp130 | Jak1, Jak2, Tyk2/STAT1, STAT3, STAT5 |
| IL-9 | Th2 | Eosinophils, basophils (Shimbara et al., 2000) | IL-9R, γc | Jak1, Jak3/STAT1, STAT3, STAT5 |
| IL-13 | Th2 | Natural killer cells (McDermott et al., 2005), basophils (Li et al., 1996), mast cells (Kelly-Welch et al., 2003) | IL-13Rα; IL-4Rα; γc | Jak1, Jak2, Tyk2/STAT6 |
| IL-17 | Th17 | CD8+ T cells (Shin et al., 1998), eosinophils (Molet et al., 2001), neutrophils (Ferretti et al., 2003) | IL-17R | Jak1, Jak2, Jak3, Tyk2/STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4 |
| IL-22 | Th17 | Natural killer cells (Wolk and Sabat, 2006) | IL-22R1, IL-10Rβ | Jak1, Tyk2/STAT1, STAT3, STAT5 |
| IL-10 | Tr1 | B cells (O'Garra et al., 1992), macrophages and monocytes (de Waal Malefyt et al., 1991), keratinocytes (Gröne, 2002), glial cells (Mizuno et al., 1994; Williams et al., 1996) | IL-10Rα; IL-10Rβ | Jak1, Tyk2/STAT1, STAT3 |
| TGF-β | Tr3 (Th3) | Macrophages (Assoian et al., 1987), neutrophils, platelets (Schindler et al., 1998), microglial cells (Chao et al., 1995) | TGF-βRI, TGF-βRII | Smad |
*
Major references for receptors and signalling: (Bach et al., 1997; Silvennoinen et al., 1997; Imada and Leonard, 2000; Seidel et al., 2000; Lejeune et al., 2002) and references in the text.