Table 5.
Cytokines as targets for immunotherapeutic treatment of diseases
| Cyokines | Pharmaceutical products | Disease targets |
|---|---|---|
| IFN-α | •Recombinant IFN-α2a: roferon; peginterferon α2a •Recombinant IFN-α2b: IntronA; peginterferon α2b; albinterferon •Others: wellferon (IFN-αn1); alferon (IFN-αn3) | Hepatitis B (+lamivudin), hepatitis C (+ribavirine) (Cooksley et al., 2003; Clark, 2007) |
| IFN-β | •Recombinant IFN-β1a: avonex; rebif •Recombinant IFN-β1b: betaseron; berlex •Chemically modified IFN-β: soluferon | Multiple sclerosis (Bermel and Rudick, 2007) |
| IFN-γ | •Recombinant IFN-γ1b: actimmune •Humanized anti-IFN-γ Ab: fontolizumab | Chronic granulomatous disease (actimmune) (Marciano et al., 2004); Crohn's disease (fontolizumab) (Hommes et al., 2006) |
| TNF-α | •Fully human anti-TNF-α mAb: adalimumab; golimumab •Mouse/human chimeric IgG1anti-TNF-α mAb: infliximab •Mouse F(ab')2 anti-TNF-α fragment: afelimomab •Humanized mouse anti-TNF-α Ab: CDP-571 •Analogue of TNF-αR: etanercept •Recombinant human sTNFR p55: onercept | Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, ankylosing spondylitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sepsis (afelimomab), juvenile idiopathic arthritis, asthma (etanercept) (Vincent, 2000; Danese et al., 2006; Fan and Leong, 2007; Zhou et al., 2007) |
| G-CSF | •Recombinant G-CSF: filgrastim; lenograstim; pegfilgrastim | Febrile neutropenia, bone-marrow transplantation (Cheng et al., 2007) |
| GM-CSF | •Recombinant human GM-CSF: sargramostim; molgramostim | Neutropenia after chemotherapy (Waller, 2007) |
| TGF-β1 | •Human anti-TGF mAbs: CAT-192 (metelimumab); CAT-152 | Scleroderma, prevention of scarring induced by glaucoma surgery (Pinkas and Teicher, 2006) |
| IL-1 | •Recombinant IL-1ra (an IL-1RI-binding molekule): anakirna Human IL-1R1-Fc IgG1 fusion protein: IL-1 Trap | Rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Still's disease, Crohn's disease (Dinarello, 2005; Fan and Leong, 2007) |
| IL-2 | •Recombinant IL-2: aldesleukin; telecleukin; proleukin •Human/mouse chimeric anti-IL-2Rα mAb: basiliximab •Humanized anti-IL-2Rα mAb: daclizumab | Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (aldesleukin, telecleukin) (Schmidinger et al., 2004; Akaza et al., 2006); renal transplantation (basiliximab, daclizumab) (Swiatecka-Urban, 2003) |
| IL-4 | •Soluble recombinant human IL-4R: altrakincept | Asthma (Hendeles et al., 2004) |
| IL-5 | •Humanized anti IL-5 mAb: mepolizumab | Asthma (Leckie et al., 2000) |
| IL-6 | •Humanized anti-IL6R mAb: atlizumab; tocilizumab | Rheumatoid arthritis (Genovese, 2005; Lipsky, 2006) |
| IL-8 | •Fully human anti-IL-8 Ab: ABX-IL8 | Melanoma (Huang et al., 2002) |
| IL-10 | •Recombinant human IL-10: ilodecakin | Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis (Marshall, 1999) |
| IL-11 | •Recombinant human IL-11: oprelvekin | Thrombocytopenia, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease (Sitaraman and Gewirtz, 2001) |
| IL-12 | •Humanized anti-IL-12 Ab: ABT-874 | Crohn's disease (suggested) (Sandborn, 2004) |
| IL-12 + IL-23 | •mAb against p40 subunit of IL-12 and IL-23: ustekinumab | Psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease (Wittig, 2007) |
| IL-13 | •Humanized anti-IL-13 IgG1 mAb: Ab-01; Ab-02 | Asthma (preclinical studies) (Vugmeyster et al., 2008) |
| EPO | •Recombinant erythropoietin: epoetin alfa | Anaemia (Voravud and Sriuranpong, 2005) |