In vivo chaperone activity of ClpB. E. coli cells were grown at 50°C until the indicated time and their survival was determined as described in Materials and Methods. The data are shown for wt MC4100 E. coli (○), ClpB-null E. coli containing a control pGB2 plasmid (+), pGB2 with wt ClpB sequence (•), pGB2 with ClpB(T213N) (▵), pGB2 with ClpB(T612N) (▴), or pGB2 with ClpB(T213N/T612N) (♦). Inset shows immunodetection of ClpB in bacterial cultures after 6 h of heat shock. Purified ClpB is shown in Lane 1, empty pGB2 in Lane 2, wt E. coli in Lane 3, pGB2(wt ClpB) in Lane 4, pGB2(T213N) in Lane 5, pGB2(T612N) in Lane 6, and pGB2(T213N/T612N) in Lane 7.