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Diagram illustrating proposed pathways by which SphK and S1P receptor signaling regulate glioma cell invasion. SphK signaling is necessary for maintenance of uPA and uPAR expression and the basal invasive activity of glioma cells, by a mechanism that may be receptor independent. S1P1 most potently enhances uPA activity. S1P2 induces CCN1 and enhances cell adhesion, while S1P3 may rely mostly on stimulation of motility.
