Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics by diuretic use before and after propensity score matching
| Patient characteristics | Before propensity score match |
After propensity score match |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) or mean (±SD) | No diuretic N = 765 | Diuretic N = 3271 | P value | No diuretic N = 651 | Diuretic N = 651 | P value |
| Age, years | 71.4 (±5.0) | 72.4 (±5.5) | <0.0001 | 71.6 (±5.1) | 71.5 (±5.2) | 0.794 |
| Women | 163 (21%) | 963 (29%) | <0.0001 | 144 (22%) | 155 (24%) | 0.510 |
| Non-whites | 66 (9%) | 383 (12%) | 0.015 | 61 (9%) | 66 (10%) | 0.709 |
| Body mass index, kg / m2 | 26.2 (±4.3) | 26.4 (±4.9) | 0.899 | 26.1 (±4.3) | 26.2 (±4.4) | 0.556 |
| Heart failure duration | 32 (±41) | 29 (±36) | 0.006 | 31 (±37) | 31 (±38) | 0.588 |
| Primary cause of heart failure | ||||||
| Ischemic | 600 (78%) | 2321 (71%) | 506 (78%) | 499 (77%) | ||
| Hypertensive | 71 (9%) | 391 (12%) | <0.0001 | 61 (9%) | 66 (10%) | 0.777 |
| Idiopathic | 68 (9%) | 381 (12%) | 62 (10%) | 58 (9%) | ||
| Others | 26 (3%) | 178 (5%) | 22 (2%) | 28 (2%) | ||
| Prior myocardial infarction | 558 (73%) | 2067 (63%) | <0.0001 | 468 (72%) | 463 (71%) | 0.806 |
| Current angina pectoris | 228 (30%) | 919 (28%) | 0.350 | 188 (29%) | 183 (28%) | 0.806 |
| Hypertension | 324 (42%) | 1661 (51%) | <0.0001 | 280 (43%) | 287 (44%) | 0.737 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 177 (23%) | 995 (30%) | <0.0001 | 151 (23%) | 157 (24%) | 0.744 |
| Chronic kidney disease* | 363 (48%) | 2085 (64%) | <0.0001 | 323 (50%) | 344 (53%) | 0.267 |
| Medications | ||||||
| Digoxin (pre-trial use) | 243 (32%) | 1460 (45%) | <0.0001 | 218 (34%) | 212 (33%) | 0.724 |
| Digoxin (by randomization) | 389 (51%) | 1615 (49%) | 0.470 | 321 (49%) | 341 (52%) | 0.292 |
| ACE inhibitors | 667 (87%) | 3068 (94%) | <0.0001 | 580 (89%) | 579 (89%) | 1.000 |
| Potassium-sparing diuretics | 139 (18%) | 160 (5%) | <0.0001 | 96 (15%) | 99 (15%) | 0.877 |
| Potassium supplement | 54 (7%) | 1126 (34%) | <0.0001 | 52 (8%) | 46 (7%) | 0.600 |
| Symptoms and signs of heart failure | ||||||
| Dyspnea at rest | 99 (13%) | 774 (24%) | <0.0001 | 90 (14%) | 92 (14%) | 0.936 |
| Dyspnea on exertion | 538 (70%) | 2561 (78%) | <0.0001 | 464 (71%) | 469 (72%) | 0.806 |
| Jugular venous distension | 59 (8%) | 502 (15%) | <0.0001 | 55 (8%) | 65 (10%) | 0.389 |
| Third heart sound | 124 (16%) | 802 (25%) | <0.0001 | 116 (18%) | 111 (17%) | 0.770 |
| Pulmonary râles | 85 (11%) | 727 (22%) | <0.0001 | 80 (12%) | 80 (12%) | 1.000 |
| Lower extremity edema | 103 (14%) | 790 (24%) | <0.0001 | 89 (14%) | 86 (13%) | 0.871 |
| NYHA functional class | ||||||
| I | 155 (20%) | 361 (11%) | 119 (18%) | 121 (19%) | ||
| II | 458 (60%) | 1693 (52%) | <0.0001 | 89 (59%) | 386 (59%) | 0.589 |
| III | 145 (19%) | 1131 (35%) | 136 (21%) | 131 (20%) | ||
| IV | 7 (1%) | 86 (3%) | 7 (1%) | 13 (2%) | ||
| Heart rate, rate per minute | 75 (±12) | 78 (±12) | <0.0001 | 75 (±12) | 75 (±12) | 0.749 |
| Blood pressure, mm Hg | ||||||
| Systolic | 132 (±21) | 129 (±21) | <0.0001 | 131 (±21) | 132 (±21) | 0.679 |
| Diastolic | 75 (±11) | 74 (±11) | 0.004 | 75 (±11) | 75 (±11) | 0.645 |
| Chest radiograph findings | ||||||
| Pulmonary congestion | 51 (7%) | 566 (17%) | <0.0001 | 50 (8%) | 46 (7%) | 0.751 |
| CT ratio > 0.5 | 371 (49%) | 2165 (66%) | <0.0001 | 332 (51%) | 330 (51%) | 0.956 |
| Serum concentrations | ||||||
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.26 (±0.33) | 1.38 (±0.41) | <0.0001 | 1.28 (±0.34) | 1.28 (±0.35) | 0.538 |
| Potassium, mEq/L | 4.41 (±0.4) | 4.35 (±0.4) | <0.0001 | 4.41 (±0.4) | 4.42 (±0.4) | 0.780 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 62 (±18) | 58 (±22) | <0.0001 | 61 (±17) | 61 (±18) | 0.580 |
| Ejection fraction, % | 36 (±13) | 33 (±13) | <0.0001 | 35 (±13) | 35 (±13) | 0.593 |
*
Chronic kidney disease was defined by estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73 square meter calculated using Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula