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Gene expression in mononuclear cells. Mononuclear cells were isolated from whole blood before supplementation (week 1), after supplementation (week 5), and after a 2-week washout (week 7). Gene expression was measured by real-time PCR for (A) PI3Kα, (C) Akt, and (D) NFκB. Black bars represent mean expression. Protein was isolated from mononuclear cells and immunoblot analysis was performed using an antibody to PI3Kα (B). n = 12 for real-time analysis, n = 3 for immunoblot analysis.
