Table 3.
Effects of prenatal care utilization on birth weight
| Model | Quantile |
Mean effect | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.1 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.75 | 0.9 | ||
| Infants without birth defects | ||||||
| Prenatal care delay in weeks: | ||||||
| Unadjusted | −3.5 (4.1) | −3.0 (3.4) | 0.0 (2.3) | −0.7 (2.5) | 0.6 (2.6) | −1.0 (1.8) |
| Adjusted | −0.6 (3.7) | 0.3 (2.3) | 1.9 (1.6) | 1.9 (2.3) | 2.3 (2.5) | −0.1 (1.9) |
| Prenatal care visits: | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 37.9*** (10.0) | 28.3*** (7.2) | 19.3*** (4.0) | 11.5** (4.4) | 10.0 (8.2) | 24.9*** (5.0) |
| Adjusted | 59.0*** (13.4) | 44.6*** (6.7) | 24.2*** (6.3) | 22.9*** (7.7) | 13.4** (5.8) | 34.2*** (5.6) |
| Inadequate care: | ||||||
| Unadjusted | −290.0*** (60.4) | −165.0***(38.7) | −155.0*** (39.7) | −150.0*** (45.4) | −30.0 (84.4) | −140.3*** (42.6) |
| Adjusted | −185.6 (132) | −125.6** (59.2) | −136.2** (58.5) | −142.3*** (42.8) | −128.7 (80.3) | −153.9*** (43.8) |
| Adequate care: | ||||||
| Unadjusted | −10.0 (57.6) | 30.0 (50.9) | −10.0 (32.4) | −70.0* (40.2) | −30.0 (52.8) | −27.3 (33.4) |
| Adjusted | 15.4 (65.3) | 90.9* (54.8) | −4.0 (35.8) | −77.1 (47.4) | −62.5 (46.5) | −6.4 (33.4) |
| Infants with birth defects | ||||||
| Prenatal care delay in weeks: | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 3.1 (5.6) | −3.3 (6.0) | −5.5** (2.6) | −3.4 (2.3) | −3.0 (2.4) | −2.7 (2.2) |
| Adjusted | 0.3 (5.3) | −3.3 (3.9) | −3.0 (2.2) | −2.9 (3.0) | −4.7 (3.0) | −2.6 (2.4) |
| Prenatal care visits: | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 43.9*** (12.8) | 27.1*** (8.0) | 13.8*** (4.5) | 15.7** (8.0) | 18.0* (9.5) | 25.3*** (5.9) |
| Adjusted | 59.7*** (12.1) | 31.5*** (8.4) | 16.8** (7.0) | 20.0*** (6.2) | 17.8* (9.9) | 31.7*** (6.4) |
| Inadequate care: | ||||||
| Unadjusted | −30.0 (150.2) | −130.0 (104.9) | −45.0 (59.5) | −95.0 (73.1) | −70.0 (44.7) | −62.6 (49.7) |
| Adjusted | −37.5 (116.0) | −98.3 (74.2) | −38.3 (55.9) | −54.1 (57.9) | −100.9* (54.3) | −55.4 (51.7) |
| Adequate care: | ||||||
| Unadjusted | −190.0 (116.5) | −200.0*** (59.2) | −25.0 (51.8) | 45.0 (60.8) | 100.0 (77.5) | −53.1 (46.0) |
| Adjusted | −164.3 (139.6) | −121.3 (78.6) | −13.0 (54.6) | 46.7 (55.7) | 37.2 (67.9) | −40.1 (46.8) |
Notes: This table presents the mean and quantile effects of prenatal care use on birth weight, estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS) and ordinary quantile regression, respectively. The effects were estimated alternatively as unadjusted and adjusted for model covariates.
*, ** and *** indicate significance at P < 0.1, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively.