Table 7.
Marginal effects of demand function covariates on number of prenatal care visits
| Covariates | ME (SE) |
|---|---|
| Birth defect history | 0.1 (0.1) |
| Difficulty in conception | 0.4*** (0.2) |
| Acute maternal illness | 0.6*** (0.1) |
| Chronic maternal illness | 0.7*** (0.1) |
| First trimester bleeding | −0.002 (0.2) |
| Live births | −0.5*** (0.04) |
| Miscarriages/stillbirths | 0.2** (0.1) |
| Maternal age (25–34 years) | 0.6*** (0.1) |
| Maternal age (≥35 years) | 1.0*** (0.2) |
| Maternal education–primary | 0.1 (0.2) |
| Maternal education–secondary | 0.1 (0.1) |
| Maternal education–university | 0.03 (0.2) |
| Father's education–primary | −0.004 (0.1) |
| Father's education–secondary | 0.4*** (0.1) |
| Father's education–university | 0.7*** (0.2) |
| Maternal employment | 0.1 (0.1) |
| Father's employment | 0.3 (0.2) |
| Native ancestry | −0.2 (0.1) |
| African ancestry | −0.1 (0.1) |
| European Latin ancestry | 0.04 (0.1) |
| European non-Latin ancestry | 0.3** (0.1) |
| Other ancestry | −0.2 (0.3) |
| Pregnancy year 1995 | −0.5 (0.3) |
| Pregnancy year 1996 | −0.2 (0.3) |
| Pregnancy year 1997 | −0.1 (0.3) |
| Pregnancy year 1998 | −0.3 (0.3) |
| Pregnancy year 1999 | −0.03 (0.3) |
| Pregnancy year 2000 | 0.2 (0.3) |
| Pregnancy year 2001 | 0.3 (0.3) |
| Pregnancy year 2002 | −0.01 (0.3) |
| Minas Gerais | −0.7*** (0.2) |
| Paraiba | −2.4*** (0.3) |
| Rio Grande do Sul | −0.6*** (0.1) |
| Santa Catarina | −1.2*** (0.1) |
| Overall Chi-square statistic (34 df) | 468.8*** |
Notes: The marginal effects were estimated using negative binomial regression and holding model covariates at their means. Robust standard errors of marginal effects are listed in parentheses.
** and *** indicate significant effects at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively.