Table 1.
Participant characteristics (n = 2490)
| African-Americans (n = 1293) | Non-Hispanic whites (n = 1197) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yra | 63.6 ± 9.3 | 58.9 ± 10.2 | <0.001 |
| Men, n (%)a | 373 (28.9) | 510 (42.6) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m² | 31.6 ± 6.6 | 30.8 ± 6.3 | 0.47 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 103.6 ± 14.5 | 100.6 ± 15.9 | 0.83 |
| Plasma glucose, mg/dl | 112.7 ± 47.7 | 104.9 ± 24.5 | <0.001 |
| Plasma insulin, IU/ml | 9.3 ± 8.2 | 8.0 ± 6.0 | 0.005 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.4 ± 10.4 | 2.3 ± 2.7 | 0.011 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 385 (29.8) | 177 (14.8) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 201.7 ± 41 | 197.3 ± 34.8 | 0.004 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 57.7 ± 18.3 | 51.9 ± 15.3 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 101.5 (77.5–142) | 135 (97–192) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1034 (80) | 875 (73) | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 138.6 ± 20.9 | 131.1 ± 17.1 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 79 ± 10.8 | 73.8 ± 9.3 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate | 67 ± 11.6 | 65.4 ± 10.9 | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dl | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity score | 9.8 ± 3.4 | 13.3 ± 5.2 | 0.67 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 525 (40.6) | 584 (48.8) | 0.17 |
| Education, yr in school | 12.1 ± 3.6 | 13.4 ± 2.3 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake, oz/month | 1.5 ± 5.5 | 5.6 ± 10.5 | <0.001 |
| Previous history of MI or stroke | 152 (11.8) | 129 (10.8) | 0.24 |
| Statin use, n (%) | 242 (18.7) | 346 (28.9) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 430 (33.3) | 490 (40.9) | <0.001 |
| Diuretic use, n (%) | 605 (47) | 452 (35) | <0.001 |
| β-Blockers, n (%) | 221 (17) | 393 (33) | <0.001 |
| RAAS blockers, n (%) | 517 (40) | 422 (35) | <0.001 |
| Ca-channel blockers, n (%) | 371 (29) | 178 (15) | <0.001 |
| Copeptin (pmol/liter) | 8.0 (5.0–12.7) | 5.0 (3.3–7.9) | <0.001 |
Continuous variables are presented as means ± sd or median and interquartile range, whereas categorical variables are presented as counts and percentages. MI, Myocardial infarction; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; Ca-channel, calcium channel.
a
P values for variables age and men are unadjusted. All other variables are adjusted for age and sex.