Table 1.

Mechanisms underlying PPAR-γ pro- and antitumorigenic effects.

Protumorigenic effects	References
(1) Inhibition of PPAR-γ genomic functions by MAPK	[108, 126–143]
(2) PPAR-γ nongenomic functions (MAPK activation, MMP2, and VEGF production)
Antitumorigenic effects	References
(1) PPAR-γ genomic effects	[109, 144–151]
(2) Induction of PTEN expression
(3) Inhibition of p70S6K