Table 1.
Characteristics of the study sample by the wheezing phenotype and the occurrence of respiratory symptoms in the two-year follow-up study
| Wheezing phenotypes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | 0 (N=342) | 1 (N=54) | 2 (N=42) | 3 (N=30) | Total (468) | |
| Gender: | Boys n (%) | 164 (48.0) | 31 (57.4) | 21 (50.0) | 19 (63.3) | 235 (50.2)* |
| Girls n (%) | 178 (52.0) | 23 (42.6) | 21 (50.0) | 11 (36.7) | 233 (49.8) | |
|
| ||||||
| Birth weight (g): | Mean | 3413.5 | 3415.9 | 3344.3 | 3394.3 | 3406.4* |
| SD | 473.3 | 424.3 | 543.0 | 551.9 | 478.7 | |
|
| ||||||
| Length at birth(cm): | Mean | 54.64 | 54.96 | 54.05 | 53.80 | 54.57* |
| SD | 2.81 | 2.47 | 3.54 | 2.79 | 2.87 | |
|
| ||||||
| Gestational age (weeks): | ||||||
| Mean | 39.398 | 39.241 | 39.262 | 38.933 | 39.338* | |
| SD | 1.445 | 1.373 | 1.976 | 1.911 | 1.524 | |
|
| ||||||
| Parity: | 1 n (%) | 223 (65.2) | 34 (63.0) | 22 (52.4) | 12 (40.0) | 291 (62.2)** |
| ≥2 n (%) | 119 (34.8) | 20 (37.0) | 20 (47.6) | 18 (60.0) | 177 (37.8) | |
|
| ||||||
| Maternal age (years): | ≤ 26 | 114 (33.3) | 18 (33.3) | 15 (35.7) | 11 (36.7) | 158 (33.8)* |
| 27 – 29 | 122 (35.7) | 18 (33.3) | 14 (33.3) | 13 (43.3) | 167 (35.7) | |
| > 29 | 106 (31.0) | 18 (33.3) | 13 (31.0) | 6 (20.0) | 143 (30.6) | |
|
| ||||||
| Maternal educat.: | elementary | 29 (8.5) | 3 (5.6) | 5 (11.9) | 7 (23.3) | 44 (9.4)** |
| medium | 90 (26.3) | 13 (24.1) | 5 (11.9) | 7 (23.3) | 115 (24.6) | |
| higher | 223 (65.2) | 38 (70.4) | 32 (76.2) | 16 (53.3) | 309 (66.0) | |
|
| ||||||
| Maternal atopy (+): | n (%) | 80 (23.4) | 15 (27.8) | 8 (19.0) | 13 (43.3) | 116 (24.8)** |
|
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| Prenatal ETS (+) | n (%) | 80 (23.4) | 15 (27.8) | 14 (33.3) | 15 (50%) | 124 (26.5)** |
|
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| Postnatal ETS (+): | n (%) | 51 (14.9) | 8 (14.8) | 10 (23.8) | 11 (36.7) | 80 (17.1) ** |
|
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| Moulds (+): | n (%) | 37 (10.8) | 9 (16.7) | 6 (14.3) | 9 (30.0) | 61 (13.0) ** |
|
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| Dampness (+): | n (%) | 51 (14.9) | 10 (18.5) | 6 (14.3) | 11 (36.7) | 78 (16.7) ** |
|
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| Prenatal PM25 (μg/m3) | ||||||
| Median | 35.0 | 35.6 | 36.9 | 37.6 | 35.2* | |
| Interquartile range | 22.6–51.2 | 21.8–47.5 | 23.2–53.6 | 22.4–58.6 | 14.8 | |
| Missing | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | |
|
| ||||||
| Number of days with cough | ||||||
| Median | 19.0 | 29.0 | 34.5 | 54.0 | 22.0** | |
| Interquartile range | 14.0 | 21.4 | 20.6 | 27.9 | 15.5 | |
|
| ||||||
| Number of days with difficult breathing: | ||||||
| Median | 0.0 | 3.0 | 6.0 | 13.5 | 0.0** | |
| Interquartile range | 1.5 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 10.3 | 3.5 | |
|
| ||||||
| Number of days with runny or stuffy nose: | Median | 36.5 | 53.0 | 58.5 | 87.0 | 41.5** |
| Interquartile range | 19.5 | 34.4 | 25.8 | 37.4 | 22.9 | |
|
| ||||||
| Number of days with tonsillitis/pharyngitis: | Median | 5.5 | 4.5 | 8.5 | 8.0 | 6.0* |
| Interquartile range | 7.0 | 8.0 | 10.1 | 11.0 | 7.0 | |
*
p > 0.05;
**
p ≤ 0.05