Table 2.

Genes	Increase	Genebank	Functions	Link with AD’s pathology
BRCA1 (Breast cancer 1)	2.64	NM_007294	Cell cycle control. BRCA1 is a regulator of cell cycle	BRCA1 is found strongly expressed in all Alzheimer’s brain specifically in neurofibrillary tangles. BRCA1 is also linked with prevalence for Alzheimer’s disease[52].
MYC (c-myc myelocytomatosis viral oncogene)	2.16	NM_002467	Multifunctional nuclear phosphoprotein involved in cell cycle progression, apoptosis and cellular transformation.	Strong c-Myc immunoreactivity is associated with dystrophic neurites and neurons with NFT. Correlation between increased Tau phosphorylation and c-myc over expression in rat primary neurons[53], [54].
WNT1 (Wingless-type MMTV integration site family 1)	2.45	NM_005430	Implicated in oncogenesis, migration, adhesion and in several developmental processes,	WNT1 interferes with PP2A activity leading to tau protein hyperphosphorylation. Wnt signalling pathway links both amyloid plaques biogenesis and neurofibrillary changes observed in AD brains[55], [56], [57].
WISP1(WNT1 inducible signalling pathway protein 1)	2.39	NM_003882	Involved in developmental processes and cell proliferation	WISP1 attenuates p53-mediated apoptosis through activation of the Akt kinase. It is neuroprotective as WISP1 phosphorylates GSK-3β and maintains β-catenin to enhance neuronal survival and suppress microglial activation in AD pathogenesis[56], [57].
CDK5 (Cyclin-dependent kinase 5)	3.71	NM_014207	Cdk5 is an atypical cyclin-dependent kinase localized in the brain	CDK5 is involved in the regulation of tau phosphorylation[58].
IL1A (Interleukin 1 α)	2.14	NM_000575	Pleiotropic cytokine involved in various immune responses, inflammatory processes, and hematopoiesis.	Polymorphism of these genes is associated with Alzheimer's disease. IL1-α induces tau phosphorylation in human astrocytes[59].
NOS2A (Nitric oxide synthase 2A)	4.29	NM_000625	Commonly known as iNOS, it is inducible by LPS and inflammatory cytokines.	NOS2A/iNOS protein level is significantly increased in AD patients leading to oxidative stress. NO triggers tau hyperphosphorylation in hippocampal neurons. iNOS immunoreactive profiles were detected associated with senile plaques and extracellular neurofibrillary tangles[60], [61].
C/EBPB (CCAAT/ enhancer binding proteinβ)	2.38	NM_005194	The C/EBP is implicated in cellular injury and regeneration in neuron.	C/EBP has been reported to be up regulated in AD. Activation of NMDA receptors leads to an increase of C/EBPβ expression, which is associated with a neuroprotective anti-oxidative response and expression of regeneration-associated genes in neuron[62], [63].
CSF2 (Colony stimulating factor 2 or GM-CSF)	2.17	NM_000758	Cytokine stimulating microglial cell growth and exerting inflammatory properties.	Significantly increased CSF levels of GM-CSF in AD. GM-CSF is associated with neuroprotection and neuroplasticity[64], [65].
LEP (Leptin)	2.14	NM_000230	Linked to severe and morbid obesity. In the brain, it’s linked to synaptic plasticity.	Leptin dysregulation is associated with enhanced susceptibility of neurons to damage and it has been found to be neuroprotective in neurodegenerative brain regions[66].