Table 2.
Potential Genes Mediating Resistance to Soil Water Stress and Related Abiotic Stress in Plants
| Gene | Gene Action | Species | Phenotype |
|---|---|---|---|
| adc | Polyamine synthesis | Rice | Drought resistance |
| Apo-Inv | Apoplastic invertase | Tobacco | Salt tolerance, high “osmotic pressure” |
| AtGolS2 | Galactinol and raffinose accumulation | Arabidopsis | Reduced transpiration |
| AtHAL3 | Phosphoprotein phosphatase | Tobacco | Improved salt, osmotic and Lithium tolerance of cell cultures |
| AtHAL3a | Phosphoprotein phosphatase | Arabidopsis | Regulate salinity and osmotic tolerance and plant growth |
| ATP-PRT | ATP-phosphoribosyltransferase | Alyssum | His accumulation and Nickel tolerance |
| AtTPS1 | trehalose-6-phosphate synthase | Tobacco | Drought resistance; sustained photosyntehsis |
| BADH-1 | Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase | Carrot | Salinity tolerance |
| BADH-1 | Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase | Rice | Cd tolerance |
| BADH-1 | Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase | Maize | Salinity tolerance |
| BADH-1 | Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase | Tobacco | Heat tolerance in photosynthesis |
| BADH-1 | Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase | Tobacco | Salinity tolerance |
| BADH-1 | Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase | Tomato | Maintenance of osmotic potential |
| betA | Choline dehydrogenase (glycinebetaine synthesis) | Maize | Drought resistance at seedling stage and high yieldafter drought |
| betA | Choline dehydrogenase (glycinebetaine synthesis) | Tobacco | Increased tolerance to salinity stress |
| CHIT33, CHIT42 | Endochitinase synthesis | Tobacco | Salt and metal toxicity resistance (& disease) |
| CMO | Choline monooxygenase (glycine betaine synthesis) | Tobacco | Better in vito growth under salinity and osmotic (PEG6000) stress |
| codA | Choline oxidase (glycine betaine synthesis) | Arabidopsis | Increased stress tolerance |
| codA | Choline oxidase (glycine betaine synthesis) | Arabidopsis | Salt tolerance in terms of reproduction |
| codA | Choline oxidase (glycine betaine synthesis) | Arabidopsis | Seedlings tolerant to salinity stress and increasedgermination under cold |
| codA | Choline oxidase (glycine betaine synthesis) | Brassica juncea | Tolerance to stress induced photoinhibition |
| codA | Choline oxidase (glycine betaine synthesis) | Rice | Increased tolerance to salinity and cold |
| codA | Choline oxidase (glycine betaine synthesis) | Rice | Recovery from a week long salt stress |
| codA | Choline oxidase (glycine betaine synthesis) | Tobacco | Freezing toleance |
| codA | Choline oxidase (glycine betaine synthesis) | Tomato | Chilling tolerance in yield and oxidative stress tolerance |
| codA | Choline oxidase (glycine betaine synthesis) | Tomato | Chilling tolerance |
| COR15a | Cold induced gene | Arabidopsis | Increased freezing tolerance |
| COX | Choline oxidase (glycine betaine synthesis) | Rice | Salt and 'stress' tolerance |
| Ect A...ect C | Edtoin accumulation in chloroplasts | Tobacco | Salt and cold tolerance |
| GS2 | Chloroplastic glutamine synthetase | Rice | Increased salinity resistance and chilling tolerance |
| IMT1 | Myo-inositol o-methyltransferase (D-ononitol synthesis) | Tobacco | Better CO2 fixation under salinity stress. Better recovery after drought stress. |
| LWR1, LWR2 | Solute accumulation (proline) | Arabidopsis | Growth, osmotic adjustment, water status |
| M6PR | Mannose-6-phosphate reductase | Arabidopsis | Mannitol accumulation under salt stress leading tosalt tolerance |
| M6PR | Mannose-6-phosphate reductase | Arabidopsis | Mannitol accumulation and salt tolerance due to chloroplast protection |
| mt1D | Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mannitol synthesis) | Arabidopsis | Increased germination under salinity stress |
| mt1D | Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mannitol synthesis) | Petunia | Chilling tolerance |
| mt1D | Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mannitol synthesis) | Tobacco | Increased plant height and fresh weight under salinity stress |
| mt1D | Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mannitol synthesis) | Tobacco | No contribution to sustained growth under salinityand drought stress. |
| mt1D | Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mannitol synthesis) | Wheat | Drought and salinity tolerance of calli and plants |
| mt1D & GutD | Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase & glucitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | loblolly pine | High salt tolerance due to mannitol and glucitol accumulation |
| mtlD | Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (mannitol synthesis) | Populus tomentosa | Salinity tolerance |
| Osm1 …Osm4 | Osmotin protein accumulation | Tobacco | Drought and salt tolerance in plant water status andproline accumulation |
| Osm1 ...Osm4 | Osmotin protein accumulation | Strawberry | Proline accumulation & salt tolerance |
| Osmyb4 | Cold induced transcription factor | Arabidopsis | Accumulation of compatible solutes |
| Osmyb4 | Specifically cold inducible | Tobacco | Freezing and Chilling tolerance |
| Osmyb4 | Cold induced transcription factor | Tomato | Drought but not cold resistance |
| OsP5CS2 | Highly homologous to P5CS | Rice | Cold and salinity tolerance |
| otsA | Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (trehalose synthesis) | Tobacco | Increased leaf dry weight and photosynthetic activityunder drought. Increased carbohydrate accumulation. |
| otsB | Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (trehalose synthesis) | Tobacco | Increased leaf dry weight and photosynthetic activityunder drought. Increased carbohydrate accumulation. |
| P5CR | Pyrroline carboxylate reductase (proline accumulation) | Soybean | Antioxidants activity under stress |
| P5CR | Pyrroline carboxylate reductase (proline accumulation) | Soybean | Amino acid accumulation |
| P5CS | Pyrroline carboxylate synthase (proline synthesis) (tomato) | Citrus | Osmotic adjustment and drought resistance |
| P5CS | Pyrroline carboxylate synthase (proline synthesis) | Petunia | Drought resistance and high proline |
| P5CS | Pyrroline carboxylate synthase (proline synthesis) | Potato | Salinity tolerance |
| P5CS | Pyrroline carboxylate synthase (proline synthesis) | Rice | Increased biomass production under drought and salinity stress |
| P5CS | Pyrroline carboxylate synthase (proline synthesis) | Rice | Reduced oxidative stress under osmotic stress |
| P5CS | Pyrroline carboxylate synthase (proline synthesis) | Rice | Resistance to water and sainity stress |
| P5CS | Pyrroline carboxylate synthase (proline synthesis) | Soybean | Resistance to osmotic stress and heat |
| P5CS | Pyrroline carboxylate synthase (proline synthesis) (tomato) | Soybean | Drought resistance, high RWC, high proline |
| P5CS | Pyrroline carboxylate synthase (proline synthesis) (tomato) | Sugarcane | Drought resistance via antioxidant role of proline |
| P5CS | Pyrroline carboxylate synthase (proline synthesis) | Tobacco | Increased biomass production and enhance flower development under salinity stress |
| P5CS | Pyrroline carboxylate synthase (proline synthesis) | Tobacco | Freezing tolerance |
| P5CS | Pyrroline carboxylate synthase (proline synthesis) | Wheat | Drought resistance due to antioxidative action |
| P5CS | Pyrroline carboxylate synthase (proline synthesis) (tomato) | Yeast | Reduced growth under none-stress and some promoted growth under mild stress |
| pdc1 | Pyruvate decarboxylase overexpression | Rice | Increased submergence tolerance |
| pdc1; pdc2 | Pyruvate decarboxylase overexpression | Arabidopsis | Hypoxic stress survival |
| PPO | Polyphenol oxidases suppression | Tomato | Drought resistance |
| SAMDC | S-adenosylmethioninedecarboxylase (polyamine synthesis) | Rice | Better seedling growth under a 2 day NaCl stress |
| SAMDC | S-adenosylmethioninedecarboxylase (polyamine synthesis) | Tobacco | drought, salinity, Verticillium and Fusarium wiltsresistance |
| SMT | selenocysteine methyltransferase | Arabidopsis, Indian Mustard | Selenium hyperaccumulation tolerance |
| SPE | Spermidine synthase | Arabidopsis | Chilling, freezing, salinity, drought hyperosmosis |
| spe1-1; spe2-1 | Spermidine non-accumulating | Arabidopsis | Decreased salt tolerance |
| SST/FFT | Fructan accumulation | Potato | Reduced proline accumulation at low water status |
| TaCRT | Ca2+-binding protein | Tobacco | Better water status, WUE and membrane stability |
| TPP1 | Trehalose synthesis | Rice | Salt and cold tolerance |
| TPS; TPP | Trehalose synthesis | Arabidopsis | Drought, freezing, salt and heat tolerance |
| TPS1 | Trehalose synthesis | Tomato | Drought, salt and oxidative stress tolerance |
| TPS1 | Trehalose synthesis | Potato | Delayed wilting under drought |
| TPS1 & TPS2 | Trehalose synthesis | Tobacco | Maintenance of water status under drought stress |
| TPSP | Trehalose synthesis | Rice | Drought, salt and cold tolerance expressed by chlorophyll fluorescence |
| WCOR15 | Cold induced gene | Tobacco | Increased freezing tolerance |