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Relative differences in von Mises stresses between the upper and lower surfaces (see eqn 3), at the mid-point of root segments R1 (black), R2 (dark grey), R3 (light grey) and R4 (white). These values were recorded when the reaction force calculated at the stem tip reached 50 N. Results are given for root types T1 and T2 in soil types S1 and S2.
