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Proposed TGF-β-induced MCP-1/CCR2 loop in podocytes. 1: The diabetic milieu stimulates mesangial cells to produce TGF-β. 2: TGF-β binds to its type II receptor, which is upregulated in the podocytes in diabetes. 3: Podocytes are stimulated to produce MCP-1 via TGF-β type I receptor signaling and the PI3K pathway. 4: Via the CCR2 receptor, MCP-1 causes increased podocyte migration, actin cytoskeletal changes, and albumin hyperpermeability.
