Fig. 13.

Evolution of persistence of antipodals in monocots. In all cases except for the Pandanales and the Arecales, the character state assigned to the group has been resolved as the ancestral condition for that group based on our analysis. The ancestral conditions within the Pandanales and the Arecales are unresolved, and are classified as polymorphic. (A) Phylogeny of Soltis et al. (2007). (B) Phylogeny of Graham et al. (2006). Parsimony analysis reveals that the common ancestor of all angiosperms exclusive of Amborella, Nymphaeales and Austrobaileyales had persistent antipodals. It is unclear whether the persistent antipodals in Amborella evolved independently or were inherited from the common ancestor of all angiosperms.