. 2005 Dec;2(5):403–411. doi: 10.1513/pats.200508-090JS

TABLE 2.

HUMAN TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS AND THEIR LIGANDS

Receptor	Ligands	Animal Species
TLR-1	Bacterial lipopeptides	Human, mouse
TLR-2^*	Lipopeptides, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan	Human, mouse
TLR-3	Double-stranded RNA, polyinosine:cytosine	Human, mouse
TLR-4	LPS	Human, mouse
TLR-5^†	Flagellin	Human, mouse
TLR-6	Zymosan, lipopeptides	Human, mouse
TLR-7^†	Single-stranded viral RNA, imiquimod	Human, mouse
TLR-8^†	Single-stranded viral RNA, imiquimod	Human, mouse
TLR-9^†	Unmethylated CpG DNA	Human, mouse
TLR-10	Uncertain	Human
TLR-11, TLR-12, TLR-13	Uncertain	Mouse

Definition of abbreviation: TLR = Toll-like receptor.

TLR-2 cooperates with TLR-1 and TLR-6 to recognize lipoteichoic acid, zymosan, and other ligands.

^†

^† TLR-5, TLR-7, TLR-8, and TLR-9 cooperate to recognize CpG DNA, ssRNA, and flagellin.

Modified from References 1 and 70.