. 2009 Jul 29;4(7):e6411. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006411

Table 4. Effect of β-blockers.

	Control Subjects (n = 20)	CHF Patients on a Beta-Blocker (n = 51)	CHF Patients without a Beta-Blocker (n = 24)	p-Value for Trend (#)
White Blood Cells (×10⁹/L)	7.0±1.6	7.5±2.1	7.4±2.2	0.67
Lymphocytes (%)	30.2±6.3	25.2±7.4 ††	16.8±5.1 †††† ****	<0.0001
CD3⁺ T cells (%)	17.5±6.4	16.3±5.9	10.5±4.1 ††† ***	<0.0001
CD4⁺ T helper cells (%)	11.6±4.3	10.6±3.8	7.0±2.7 ††† ***	0.0001
CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells (%)	4.9±2.8	4.8±3.3	2.9±1.8 †† **	0.008
CD19⁺ B cells (%)	4.2±2.6	2.8±1.9 †††	2.1±1.7 †† *	0.004
Neutrophils (%)	59.3±7.2	64.0±8.4 ^†	71.4±6.6 †††† ***	<0.0001
Monocytes (%)	4.9±1.1	5.1±1.3	5.5±2.1	0.35
IL-1β (pg/mL)	1.1±1.7	0.9±1.7	1.8±4.6	0.49
IL-6 (pg/mL)	2.2±2.5	4.2±3.0 †††	6.2±5.9 ††††	<0.0001
TNFα (pg/mL)	4.2±8.4	2.1±2.6	1.8±2.0	0.73
TNFR-1 (pg/mL)	1252±319	1909±1076 ^†	2430±1032 ††† *	0.001
TNFR-2 (pg/mL)	1591±466	2612±1386 ††	3106±1277 †††	0.001

^†

p<0.05 vs. control; †† p<0.01 vs. control; ††† p<0.001 vs. control; †††† p<0.0001 vs. control * p<0.05 vs. patients on a beta-blocker; ** p<0.01 vs. patients on a beta-blocker; *** p<0.001 vs. patients on a beta-blocker; **** p<0.0001 vs. patients on a beta-blocker. # p-values were calculated using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method of testing.