Effects of b subunit engineering on enzyme coupling as measured by ATP-driven energization of inverted membrane vesicles (34). Membranes prepared from strains KM2/pTAM37/pTAM46 (bhis/bV5) and KM2/pBR322 (Δb) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The point where ATP was added is indicated above each graph, and the expressed b subunits are listed on the right. The traces were obtained in triplicate using a Photon Technologies International spectrofluorimeter, and the results shown are individual representative results. A, traces shown are from membranes prepared from strains KM2/pSBC127 (bV5), KM2/pSBC128 (bI76C,V5), KM2/pSBC129 (bR83C,V5), KM2/pSBC130 (bA90C,V5), and KM2/pSBC131 (bE97C,V5). B, traces shown are from membranes prepared from strains KM2/pSBC97 (Tb), KM2/pSBC123 (TbA83C), KM2/pSBC124 (TbA90C), KM2/pSBC98 (Tb′), KM2/pSBC125 (Tb′A83C), KM2/pSBC126 (Tb′A90C), KM2/pSBC97/pSBC98 (Tb/Tb′), KM2/pSBC123/pSBC125 (TbA83C/Tb′A83C), KM2/pSBC123/pSBC126 (TbA83C/Tb′A90C), KM2/pSBC124/pSBC125 (TbA90C/Tb′A83C), and KM2/pSBC124/pSBC126 (TbA90C/Tb′A90C).