Table 1.
Food group intake and odds of type 2 diabetes by tertile of DASH dietary pattern score
| n/N | β (P) | Tertiles of the DASH score |
P for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||
| DASH score | 38.4 ± 5.3 | 49.5 ± 2.5 | 60.2 ± 4.5 | |||
| Food group (serving/day) | ||||||
| Total grains* | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 2.9 ± 1.5 | 3.3 ± 1.4 | |||
| High-fiber grains† | 0.5 ± 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.7 | 1.2 ± 0.8 | |||
| Vegetables‡ | 2.5 ± 1.5 | 3.3 ± 1.8 | 4.1 ± 1.6 | |||
| Fruit§ | 1.3 ± 1.1 | 2.3 ± 1.6 | 3.3 ± 1.6 | |||
| Total dairy‖ | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 1.2 ± 0.8 | |||
| Low-fat dairy¶ | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.4 | |||
| Meat, poultry, eggs, fish# | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | |||
| Nuts, seeds, dried beans** | 2.2 ± 2.7 | 3.0 ± 3.3 | 3.9 ± 2.9 | |||
| Fats and oils†† | 1.8 ± 1.4 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | |||
| Sweets‡‡ | 11.0 ± 8.6 | 7.5 ± 6.4 | 5.6 ± 6.1 | |||
| Total population | ||||||
| Model 1§§ | 141/864 | −0.032 (0.77) | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.54–1.38) | 0.73 (0.45–1.21) | 0.47 |
| Model 2‖‖ | 141/862 | −0.002 (0.98) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.58–1.52) | 0.78 (0.47–1.29) | 0.60 |
| Model 3¶¶ | 129/822 | −0.066 (0.58) | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.51–1.51) | 0.64 (0.37–1.13) | 0.29 |
| Whites | ||||||
| Model 1§§ | 54/347 | −0.429 (0.02) | 1.00 | 0.53 (0.24–1.15) | 0.25 (0.11–0.61) | <0.01 |
| Model 2‖‖ | 54/346 | −0.349 (0.07) | 1.00 | 0.66 (0.29–1.48) | 0.31 (0.13–0.75) | 0.03 |
| Model 3¶¶ | 49/327 | −0.414 (0.05) | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.31–1.90) | 0.25 (0.09–0.67) | 0.02 |
| Blacks/Hispanics | ||||||
| Model 1§§ | 87/517 | 0.176 (0.20) | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.59–2.07) | 1.34 (0.70–2.55) | 0.67 |
| Model 2‖‖ | 87/516 | 0.183 (0.19) | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.61–2.18) | 1.34 (0.70–2.58) | 0.68 |
| Model 3¶¶ | 80/495 | 0.075 (0.63) | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.45–1.80) | 0.96 (0.46–1.97) | 0.95 |
Data are means ± SD, OR, and OR (95% CI) unless otherwise indicated.
*High-fiber dark bread and cereal, low-fiber bread and cereal, salty snacks, rice, and pasta.
†High-fiber dark bread and cereal.
‡Tomato vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, other vegetables, potatoes, and fries.
§Fruit and fruit juices.
‖Milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, cheese, and ice cream.
¶Milk and yogurt up to 2% fat.
#All meats including processed meats, poultry, eggs, fish, and shellfish.
**Nuts, seeds, dried beans, and tofu.
††Fats, oils, salad dressing, gravies, and creamer.
‡‡Sweets including chocolate, regular soft drinks, and pastry.
§§Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity/clinic, glucose tolerance status, family history of diabetes, education, smoking status, energy intake, and energy expenditure.
‖‖Adjusted for covariates contained in model 1 plus baseline BMI.
¶¶Adjusted for covariates contained in model 2 plus baseline insulin sensitivity and secretion. β, change per 10-unit increase in the DASH score; n, case subjects; N, population at risk.