Table 1. Characteristics of cases and controlsa.

	Cases (n=249)	Controls (n=404)	P-valueb
Age at specimen collection (years)	69.2±6.7c	69.2±6.9	0.96
Time between specimen collection and case diagnosis (years)	1.6±1.5	1.5±1.4	0.49
Fasting hours before specimen collection	12.7±3.3	13.0±3.2	0.32
Education (years)	14.0±2.8	14.0±2.9	0.71
Body mass index (kg m−2)	25.8±3.9	26.0±3.7	0.45
METS of activity per day	1.64±0.28	1.64±0.30	0.93
Family history of prostate cancer (%)	10.0	7.7	0.29
Ethnicity (%)
African Americans	37.0d	32.9	0.80
Native Hawaiians	2.4	2.7
Japanese Americans	28.1	30.2
Latinos	17.7	16.8
Whites	14.9	17.3
Urinary phytoestrogens e
Daidzein	0.173 (0.057, 0.652)f	0.291 (0.084, 1.307)	0.01
Genistein	0.048 (0.013, 0.303)	0.078 (0.016, 0.495)	0.05
Equol	0.005 (<LOQg, 0.017)	0.004 (<LOQ, 0.013)	0.42
Daidzein+Genistein	0.235 (0.081, 1.015)	0.428 (0.112, 1.996)	0.01
Daidzein+Genistein+Equol	0.257 (0.094, 1.194)	0.438 (0.118, 2.112)	0.03
Enterolactone	1.042 (0.273, 2.327)	1.094 (0.401, 2.253)	0.97

^aMatching for geographic location (Hawaii or California), race/ethnicity, birth year (±1 year), date (±6 months) and time (±2 h) of specimen collection, and fasting hours (0–<6, 6–<8, 8–<10, and 10+ h).

^bTested by t-test (means), χ² test (percentages), and Wilcoxon rank-sum test (medians).

^cMean±s.d.

^dColumn percentage.

^eExpressed as nmol mg⁻¹ creatinine.

^fMedian (25th, 75th percentile).

^g<LOQ, less than limit of quantitation.