Table 2. Associations of urinary phytoestrogen excretion with prostate cancer riska.

	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5	P-value for linear trend
Daidzein	⩽0.053b	0.053–⩽0.151	0.151–⩽0.386	0.386–⩽1.630	>1.630
Cases/controls	59/71	57/75	48/81	45/86	40/91
OR (95% CI)	1.00	1.03 (0.61–1.74)	0.83 (0.50–1.38)	0.74 (0.44–1.25)	0.55 (0.31–0.98)	0.03
Genistein	⩽0.009	0.009–⩽0.038	0.038–⩽0.126	0.126–⩽0.729	>0.729
Cases/controls	54/76	62/70	46/87	45/85	42/89
OR (95% CI)	1.00	1.48 (0.88–2.49)	0.91 (0.53–1.55)	0.99 (0.59–1.69)	0.72 (0.40–1.31)	0.09
Equol	⩽0.001	0.001–⩽0.010	>0.010
Cases/controls	90/148c	70/137	89/119
OR (95% CI)	1.00	0.89 (0.58–1.37)	1.32 (0.84–2.08)			0.08
Equol (producers only)d	⩽0.005	0.005–⩽0.023	>0.023
Cases/controls	47/64	47/64	50/61
OR (95% CI)	1.00	1.05 (0.59–1.85)	1.32 (0.72–2.42)			0.64
Daidzein+Genistein	⩽0.069	0.069–⩽0.202	0.202–⩽0.522	0.522–⩽2.565	>2.565
Cases/controls	56/74	62/69	44/86	45/87	42/88
OR (95% CI)	1.00	1.38 (0.83–2.30)	0.74 (0.44–1.24)	0.83 (0.49–1.39)	0.63 (0.35–1.14)	0.07
Daidzein+Genistein+Equol	⩽0.077	0.077–⩽0.213	0.213–⩽0.549	0.549–⩽2.773	>2.773
Cases/controls	56/74	58/73	47/84	44/86	44/87
OR (95% CI)	1.00	1.27 (0.76–2.21)	0.84 (0.51–1.40)	0.86 (0.51–1.44)	0.74 (0.42–1.30)	0.19
Enterolactone	⩽0.227	0.227–⩽0.798	0.798–⩽1.493	1.493–⩽2.667	>2.667
Cases/controls	57/74	47/83	38/92	55/77	52/78
OR (95% CI)	1.00	0.71 (0.42–1.21)	0.58 (0.34–0.98)	0.97 (0.57–1.66)	0.98 (0.58–1.66)	0.44

^aMatching for geographic location (Hawaii or California), race/ethnicity, birth year (±1 year), date (±6 months) and time (±2 h) of specimen collection, and fasting hours (0–<6, 6–<8, 8–<10, and 10+ h). The models were adjusted for age at specimen collection and fasting hours as continuous variables, as well as family history of prostate cancer, BMI, and education.

^bExpressed as nmol mg⁻¹ creatinine.

^cSubjects with values below the limit of quantitation.

^dUnconditional logistic regression was used with adjustment for the matching criteria and the same covariates as in conditional logistic models.