Table 3. Associations of urinary phytoestrogen excretion with prostate cancer risk by tumour characteristicsa.
| T1 | T2 | T3 | P-value for linear trend | P-value for heterogeneityb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daidzein | ⩽0.115c | 0.115–⩽0.569 | >0.569 | ||
| Localized d | 0.83 | ||||
| Cases/controls | 53/70 | 46/66 | 36/84 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.55–1.59) | 0.59 (0.31–1.11) | 0.08 | |
| Advanced or high grade | |||||
| Cases/controls | 26/33 | 24/37 | 18/33 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.41–2.36) | 0.46 (0.17–1.27) | 0.09 | |
| Genistein | ⩽0.024 | 0.024–⩽0.200 | >0.200 | ||
| Localized | 1.00 | ||||
| Cases/controls | 52/68 | 44/69 | 39/83 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.59–1.73) | 0.74 (0.38–1.42) | 0.32 | |
| Advanced or high grade | |||||
| Cases/controls | 31/34 | 18/40 | 47/28 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.53 (0.23–1.20) | 0.53 (0.21–1.37) | 0.37 | |
| Equol | ⩽0.001 | 0.001–⩽0.010 | >0.010 | ||
| Localized | 0.66 | ||||
| Cases/controls | 50/85e | 34/63 | 51/72 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.60–2.03) | 1.38 (0.75–2.54) | 0.29 | |
| Advanced or high grade | |||||
| Cases/controls | 22/27e | 21/48 | 25/27 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.54 (0.22–1.31) | 1.17 (0.42–3.23) | 0.19 | |
| Daidzein+Genistein | ⩽0.150 | 0.150–⩽0.799 | >0.799 | ||
| Localized | 0.88 | ||||
| Cases/controls | 54/69 | 44/66 | 37/85 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.49–1.48) | 0.57 (0.30–1.09) | 0.10 | |
| Advanced or high grade | |||||
| Cases/controls | 28/34 | 23/37 | 17/31 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.45–2.38) | 0.44 (0.16–1.18) | 0.07 | |
| Daidzein+Genistein+Equol | ⩽0.159 | 0.159–⩽0.847 | >0.847 | ||
| Localized | 0.96 | ||||
| Cases/controls | 54/67 | 43/69 | 38/84 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.49–1.45) | 0.61 (0.32–1.16) | 0.16 | |
| Advanced or high grade | |||||
| Cases/controls | 28/37 | 22/35 | 18/30 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.44–2.23) | 0.51 (0.19–1.34) | 0.14 | |
| Enterolactone | ⩽0.616 | 0.616–⩽1.771 | >1.771 | ||
| Localized | 0.02 | ||||
| Cases/controls | 51/71 | 43/85 | 41/64 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.46–1.36) | 0.87 (0.47–1.60) | 0.74 | |
| Advanced or high grade | |||||
| Cases/controls | 21/31 | 16/36 | 31/35 | ||
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.31–1.87) | 1.60 (0.74–3.50) | 0.12 |
a
Matching for geographic location (Hawaii or California), race/ethnicity, birth year (±1 year), date (±6 months) and time (±2 h) of specimen collection, and fasting hours (0–<6, 6–<8, 8–<10, and 10+ h). The models were adjusted for age at specimen collection and fasting hours as continuous variables, as well as family history of prostate cancer, BMI, and education. Forty-six cases were missing stage/grade.
b
The P for heterogeneity between localized and advanced or high grade cancers is based on the likelihood ratio test.
c
Expressed as nmol mg−1 creatinine.
d
Localized but not of high grade.
e
Subjects with values below the limit of quantitation.