Path diagram of the negative Second-Order Factor with two first-order factors and a first-order positive factor in Italy, the United States, and in Bolivia. Unstandardized factor loadings are shown on the straight arrows, whereas factors and error terms intercorrelations are shown on the curved arrows. The parameter estimates refer, respectively, to Italian, U.S., and Bolivian samples. ANG = perceived self-efficacy in managing anger/irritation; NEG = perceived self-efficacy in managing negative affect; DES = perceived self-efficacy in managing despondency/distress; POS = perceived self-efficacy in expressing positive affect; e1–e12 represent error terms.