Table V.
| Table Va. Absolute (ppma or ppbb) and percent change (%Δ) [mean (±SD)]c in essential ad non-essential elements on a dry weight basis as a result of food processing for various tissues of spotted seals (n=5) harvested in Kotzebue, Alaska (2004)e. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Element | Spotted Seal blubber Δ with Renderingd | Spotted Seal muscle Δ with Boiling | Spotted Seal muscle Δ with Drying | Spotted Seal liver Δ with Frying | Spotted Seal kidney Δ with Boiling |
| Ca | −6.25 (±0.69) | −12.1 (±21.5) | −6.53 (±11.9) | +45.9 (±52.6) | −66.2 (±79.9) |
| −85.0 (±3.1)% | −11.3 (±21.1)% | −5.4 (±11.9)% | +38.6 (±40.9)% | −23.6 (±27.9)% | |
| Cu | NAe | −0.42 (±0.94) | −0.72 (±0.74) | −9.90 (±24.4) | −8.12 (±5.67) |
| −6.9 (±19.7) % | −15.5 (±14.8)% | −8.04 (±44.3)% | −43.9 (±29.7)% | ||
| Fe | −2.88 (±0.55) | +39.1 (±114) | −58.4 (±116) | −204 (±794) | −58.9 (±171) |
| −89.7 (±5.0)% | +8.0 (±17.6)% | −2.6 (±24.2)% | +11.9 (±99.6)% | −7.10 (±26.4)% | |
| Mg | −6.97 (±1.10) | −211 (±88) | −74.6 (±91.1) | −89.9 (±65.6) | −245 (±145) |
| −85.8 (±5.1)% | −26.1 (±8.9)% | −9.2 (±10.8)% | −13.9 (±10.2)% | −37.8 (±23.1)% | |
| Mn | −21.7 (±2.7) | −104 (±105) | −132 (±104) | −1294 (±1568) | −1503 (±1061) |
| −56.4 (±5.5)% | −14.8 (±14.1)% | −21.6 (±10.0)% | −7.36 (±8.70)% | −34.2 (±26.1)% | |
| Mo | NAe | NAe | NAe | +190 (±231) | −89.5 (±212) |
| +11.4 (±14.0)% | −17.4 (±40.8)% | ||||
| K | −135 (±36) | −5149 (±852) | −287 (±1356) | −2090 (±1245) | −7485 (±1090) |
| −96.4 (±2.0)% | −47.3 (±8.5)% | −2.7 (±12.5)% | −21.0 (±11.8)% | −66.5 (±9.9)% | |
| Se | −124 (±26) | −314 (±404) | −296 (±392) | −194 (±1284) | −12559 (±6779) |
| −89.5 (±6.5)% | −11.4 (±16.6)% | −10.6 (±15.4)% | −1.06 (±11.2)% | −51.6 (±21.8)% | |
| Na | −103 (±11) | −948 (±355) | 26.1 (±269) | −272 (±509) | −5110 (±1602) |
| −68.0 (±3.2)% | −48.3 (±11.4)% | +0.7 (±13.9)% | −9.16 (±18.5)% | −62.6 (±13.9)% | |
| Zn | −1.48 (±0.99) | +7.31 (±20.3) | −1.21 (±34.5) | −2.11 (±20.5) | −13.9 (±44.5) |
| −42.2 (±23.2)% | +16.7 (±35.8)% | +10.0 (±63.6)% | −0.19 (±15.4)% | −10.3 (±36.2)% | |
| THg | NAe | +85.2 (±209) | −137 (±245) | −155 (±361) | −628 (±966) |
| +20.8 (±46.5)% | −13.9 (±43.4)% | −5.10 (±11.7)% | −21.6 (±35.8)% | ||
| MeHg | NAe | −25.2 (±107) | −17.6 (±133) | +9.95 (±111) | −47.8 (±108) |
| −4.51 (±21.1)% | −2.37 (±26.7)% | +1.00 (±11.0)% | −10.5 (±27.3)% | ||
| Cd | NAe | NAe | NAe | −0.41 (±0.64) | −9.25 (±5.86) |
| −19.7 (±36.3)% | −53.5 (±30.1)% | ||||
| As | −124 (±473) | −112 (±158) | +34.4 (±218) | +40.3 (±813) | +127 (±1070) |
| −3.8 (±15.7)% | −13.7 (±18.1)% | +7.1 (±34.8)% | +17.4 (±65.2)% | +9.54 (±78.1)% | |
| Ag | NAe | NAe | NAe | +14.9 (±83.3) | NAe |
| +19.1 (±57.6)% | |||||
| Pb | −8.40 (±18.3) | −7.75 (±6.23) | −9.85 (±11.4) | +5.51 (±30.3) | −54.5 (±25.7) |
| −12.3 (±38.3)% | −36.1 (±22.2)% | −46.0 (±53.7)% | +37.3 (±114)% | −68.0 (±14.7)% | |
| Table Vb. Absolute (ppma or ppbb) and percent change (%Δ) [mean (±SD)]c in essential and non-essential on a dry weight basis as a result of food processing for muscle tissue of sheefish (n=8) harvested in Kotzebue, Alaska (2005)d. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Element | Δ with baking no skin |
Δ with baking with skin |
Δ with drying no skin |
Δ with drying with skin |
Δ with smoking no skin |
Δ with smoking with skin |
| Ca | −82.0 (±165) | −94.6 (±159) | −51.2 (±60.1) | +76.5 (±220) | −96.2 (±175) | −70.4 (±205) |
| −22.7 (±70.6)% | −50.4 (±27.4)% | −31.0 (±46.1)% | +168 (±311)% | −44.8 (±39.9)% | +10.6 (±159.9)% | |
| Cu | +251 (±732) | −62.2 (±703) | −83.7 (±578) | +276 (±1373) | +121 (±776) | −3.60 (±715) |
| +30.1 (±68.0)% | +4.88 (±51.2)% | −1.24 (±39.2)% | +27.0 (±101)% | +21.9 (±61.1)% | +5.26 (±46.7)% | |
| Fe | +829 (±6051) | +2462 (±14822) | +190 (±6582) | −2414 (±6900) | −1601 (±7044) | −1133 (±6536) |
| +21.3 (±66.7)% | +54.9 (±179)% | +11.3 (±58.4)% | −8.29 (±60.0)% | −12.1 (±47.8)% | −2.20 (±47.8)% | |
| Mg | −208 (±344) | −420 (±238) | −353 (±274) | +79.0 (±366) | −150 (±423) | −518 (±125) |
| −11.8 (±20.7)% | −23.4 (±13.5)% | −21.4 (±16.4)% | +4.51 (±23.0)% | −8.63 (±26.8)% | −31.9 (±8.3)% | |
| Mn | −31.8 (±154) | −92.4 (±114) | −178 (±178) | +56.7 (±400) | −11.3 (±217) | +4.85 (±230) |
| −0.17 (±18.5)% | −10.8 (±12.8)% | −22.4 (±18.2)% | +8.66 (±57.7)% | +1.21 (±26.5)% | +7.14 (±27.8)% | |
| K | −2695 (±3377) | −4755 (±2272) | −4276 (±3363) | +1363 (±4521) | −1641 (±3733) | −2196 (±5363) |
| −11.9 (±15.0)% | −22.5 (±11.2)% | −19.5 (±14.8)% | +5.40 (±21.1)% | −7.72 (±17.6)% | −10.6 (±24.6)% | |
| Se | −109 (±203) | −227 (±129) | −231 (±168) | +59.7 (±271) | −45.2 (±186) | −76.3 (±129) |
| −8.3 (±16.5)% | −19.0 (±9.2)% | −19.8 (±15.2)% | +6.6 (±25.5)% | −3.3 (±16.6)% | −5.9 (±10.4)% | |
| Na | −100 (±445) | −269 (±599) | −269 (±703) | −108 (±693) | −391 (±487) | −450 (±378) |
| −2.95 (±17.58)% | −11.7 (±23.0)% | −9.56 (±30.7)% | −1.01 (±31.38)% | −15.2 (±21.9)% | −18.5 (±16.9)% | |
| Zn | +0.71 (±3.19) | −1.35 (±3.06) | −0.78 (±3.21) | +1.73 (±4.50) | −0.41 (±3.12) | +0.59 (±3.46) |
| +6.27 (±22.9)% | −8.01 (±18.5)% | −4.10 (±22.2)% | +13.3 (±32.8)% | −1.35 (±21.7)% | +4.07 (±21.3)% | |
| THg | −1.54 (±63.6) | −23.2 (±50.2) | −56.1 (±103) | −0.26 (±56.5) | −28.6 (±44.3) | −29.9(±40.6) |
| −1.3 (±21.7)% | −7.7 (±15.7)% | −15.5 (±26.3)% | −3.3 (±17.6)% | −9.2 (±13.9)% | −11.2 (±12.8)% | |
| MeHg | +39.2 (±53.9) | +18.6 (±71.1) | +20.2 (±73.2) | +59.1 (±86.7) | −23.1 (±49.2) | −17.9 (±58.6) |
| +15.9 (±18.4)% | +6.29 (±23.3)% | +9.18 (±29.4)% | +24.2 (±36.6)% | −7.8 (±16.4)% | −6.1 (±21.2)% | |
| As | −6.28 (±6.51) | −6.14 (±3.48) | −5.33 (±3.23) | −1.36 (±5.13) | −4.81 (±4.44) | −7.07 (±4.61) |
| −23.0 (±17.0)% | −27.1 (±12.8)% | −23.8 (±10.8)% | −9.44 (±18.9)% | −22.1 (±16.9)% | −28.9 (±11.0)% | |
a
Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, K, Na, Zn and Cd are reported in ppm dw.
b
Mn, Mo, Se, THg, MeHg, As, Ag and Pb are reported in ppb dw.
c
Bold text represents statistically significant changes (p < 0.05).
d
Changes in blubber are based on ww values which are assumed to be essentially equivalent to dw values (i.e., 0% water content).
e
NA = Not available because either raw or processed samples were below the analytical detection limit. All samples were NA for Cr.
a
Ca, Fe, Mg, K, Na, Zn and As are reported in ppm dw.
b
Cu, Mn, Se, THg and MeHg are reported in ppb dw.
c
Bold text represents statistically significant changes (p < 0.05).
d
NA = Not available because both raw and processed samples were below the analytical detection limit. All samples were NA for Cr, Mo, Cd, Ag and Pb.